Fully connected generalized multi-stage networks

ABSTRACT

A multi-stage network comprising (2×log d  N)−1 stages is operated in strictly nonblocking manner for unicast, also in rearrangeably nonblocking manner for arbitrary fan-out multicast when s≧2 , and is operated in strictly nonblocking manner for arbitrary fan-out multicast when s≧3 , includes an input stage having 
             N   d         
switches with each of them having d inlet links and s×d outgoing links connecting to second stage switches, an output stage having
 
             N   d         
switches with each of them having d outlet links and s×d incoming links connecting from switches in the penultimate stage. The network also has (2×log d  N)−3 middle stages with each middle stage having
 
               s   ×   N     d         
switches, and each switch in the middle stage has d incoming links connecting from the switches in its immediate preceding stage, and d outgoing links connecting to the switches in its immediate succeeding stage. Also each multicast connection is set up by use of at most two outgoing links from the input stage switch.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is related to and claims priority of PCT Application Serial No. PCT/US08/56064 entitled “FULLY CONNECTED GENERALIZED MULTI-STAGE NETWORKS” by Venkat Konda assigned to the same assignee as the current application, filed Mar. 6, 2008, the U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/905,526 entitled “LARGE SCALE CROSSPOINT REDUCTION WITH NONBLOCKING UNICAST & MULTICAST IN ARBITRARILY LARGE MULTI-STAGE NETWORKS” by Venkat Konda assigned to the same assignee as the current application, filed Mar. 6, 2007, and the U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/940,383 entitled “FULLY CONNECTED GENERALIZED MULTI-STAGE NETWORKS” by Venkat Konda assigned to the same assignee as the current application, filed May 25, 2007.

This application is related to and incorporates by reference in its entirety the PCT Application Serial No. PCT/US08/64603 entitled “FULLY CONNECTED GENERALIZED BUTTERFLY FAT TREE NETWORKS” by Venkat Konda assigned to the same assignee as the current application, filed May 22, 2008, the U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/940,387 entitled “FULLY CONNECTED GENERALIZED BUTTERFLY FAT TREE NETWORKS” by Venkat Konda assigned to the same assignee as the current application, filed May 25, 2007, and the U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/940,390 entitled “FULLY CONNECTED GENERALIZED MULTI-LINK BUTTERFLY FAT TREE NETWORKS” by Venkat Konda assigned to the same assignee as the current application, filed May 25, 2007

This application is related to and incorporates by reference in its entirety the PCT Application Serial No. PCT/US08/64604 entitled “FULLY CONNECTED GENERALIZED MULTI-LINK MULTI-STAGE NETWORKS” by Venkat Konda assigned to the same assignee as the current application, filed May 22, 2008, the U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/940,389 entitled “FULLY CONNECTED GENERALIZED REARRANGEABLY NONBLOCKING MULTI-LINK MULTI-STAGE NETWORKS” by Venkat Konda assigned to the same assignee as the current application, filed May 25, 2007, the U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/940,391 entitled “FULLY CONNECTED GENERALIZED FOLDED MULTI-STAGE NETWORKS” by Venkat Konda assigned to the same assignee as the current application, filed May 25, 2007 and the U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/940,392 entitled “FULLY CONNECTED GENERALIZED STRICTLY NONBLOCKING MULTI-LINK MULTI-STAGE NETWORKS” by Venkat Konda assigned to the same assignee as the current application, filed May 25, 2007.

This application is related to and incorporates by reference in its entirety the PCT Application Serial No. PCT/US08/64605 entitled “VLSI LAYOUTS OF FULLY CONNECTED GENERALIZED NETWORKS” by Venkat Konda assigned to the same assignee as the current application, filed May 22, 2008, and the U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/940,394 entitled “VLSI LAYOUTS OF FULLY CONNECTED GENERALIZED NETWORKS” by Venkat Konda assigned to the same assignee as the current application, filed May 25, 2007.

This application is related to and incorporates by reference in its entirety the PCT Application Serial No. PCT/US08/82171 entitled “VLSI LAYOUTS OF FULLY CONNECTED GENERALIZED NETWORKS AND PYRAMID NETWORKS WITH LOCALITY EXPLOITATION” by Venkat Konda assigned to the same assignee as the current application, filed Nov. 2, 2008, the U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/984,724 entitled “VLSI LAYOUTS OF FULLY CONNECTED NETWORKS WITH LOCALITY EXPLOITATION” by Venkat Konda assigned to the same assignee as the current application, filed Nov. 2, 2007 and the U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/018,494 entitled “VLSI LAYOUTS OF FULLY CONNECTED GENERALIZED AND PYRAMID NETWORKS” by Venkat Konda assigned to the same assignee as the current application, filed Jan. 1, 2008.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

Clos switching network, Benes switching network, and Cantor switching network are a network of switches configured as a multi-stage network so that fewer switching points are necessary to implement connections between its inlet links (also called “inputs”) and outlet links (also called “outputs”) than would be required by a single stage (e.g. crossbar) switch having the same number of inputs and outputs. Clos and Benes networks are very popularly used in digital crossconnects, switch fabrics and parallel computer systems. However Clos and Benes networks may block some of the connection requests.

There are generally three types of nonblocking networks: strictly nonblocking; wide sense nonblocking; and rearrangeably nonblocking (See V. E. Benes, “Mathematical Theory of Connecting Networks and Telephone Traffic” Academic Press, 1965 that is incorporated by reference, as background). In a rearrangeably nonblocking network, a connection path is guaranteed as a result of the networks ability to rearrange prior connections as new incoming calls are received. In strictly nonblocking network, for any connection request from an inlet link to some set of outlet links, it is always possible to provide a connection path through the network to satisfy the request without disturbing other existing connections, and if more than one such path is available, any path can be selected without being concerned about realization of future potential connection requests. In wide-sense nonblocking networks, it is also always possible to provide a connection path through the network to satisfy the request without disturbing other existing connections, but in this case the path used to satisfy the connection request must be carefully selected so as to maintain the nonblocking connecting capability for future potential connection requests.

Butterfly Networks, Banyan Networks, Batcher-Banyan Networks, Baseline Networks, Delta Networks, Omega Networks and Flip networks have been widely studied particularly for self routing packet switching applications. Also Benes Networks with radix of two have been widely studied and it is known that Benes Networks of radix two are shown to be built with back to back baseline networks which are rearrangeably nonblocking for unicast connections.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,451,936 entitled “Non-blocking Broadcast Network” granted to Yang et al. is incorporated by reference herein as background of the invention. This patent describes a number of well known nonblocking multi-stage switching network designs in the background section at column 1, line 22 to column 3, 59. An article by Y. Yang, and G. M., Masson entitled, “Non-blocking Broadcast Switching Networks” IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol. 40, No. 9, September 1991 that is incorporated by reference as background indicates that if the number of switches in the middle stage, m, of a three-stage network satisfies the relation m≧min((n−1)(x+r^(1/x))) where 1≦x≦min(n−1,r), the resulting network is nonblocking for multicast assignments. In the relation, r is the number of switches in the input stage, and n is the number of inlet links in each input switch.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,885,669 entitled “Rearrangeably Nonblocking Multicast Multi-stage Networks” by Konda showed that three-stage Clos network is rearrangeably nonblocking for arbitrary fan-out multicast connections when m≦2×n. And U.S. Pat. No. 6,868,084 entitled “Strictly Nonblocking Multicast Multi-stage Networks” by Konda showed that three-stage Clos network is strictly nonblocking for arbitrary fan-out multicast connections when m≧3×n−1.

In general multi-stage networks for stages of more than three and radix of more than two are not well studied. An article by Charles Clos entitled “A Study of Non-Blocking Switching Networks” The Bell Systems Technical Journal, Volume XXXII, January 1953, No. 1, pp. 406-424 showed a way of constructing large multi-stage networks by recursive substitution with a crosspoint complexity of d²×N×(log_(d) N)^(2.58) for strictly nonblocking unicast network. Similarly U.S. Pat. No. 6,885,669 entitled “Rearrangeably Nonblocking Multicast Multi-stage Networks” by Konda showed a way of constructing large multi-stage networks by recursive substitution for rearrangeably nonblocking multicast network. An article by D. G. Cantor entitled “On Non-Blocking Switching Networks” 1: pp. 367-377, 1972 by John Wiley and Sons, Inc., showed a way of constructing large multi-stage networks with a crosspoint complexity of d²×N×(log_(d) N)² for strictly nonblocking unicast, (by using log_(d) N number of Benes Networks for d=2) and without counting the crosspoints in multiplexers and demultiplexers. Jonathan Turner studied the cascaded Benes Networks with radices larger than two, for nonblocking multicast with 10 times the crosspoint complexity of that of nonblocking unicast for a network of size N=256.

The crosspoint complexity of all these networks is prohibitively large to implement the interconnect for multicast connections particularly in field programmable gate array (FPGA) devices, programmable logic devices (PLDs), field programmable interconnect Chips (FPICs), digital crossconnects, switch fabrics and parallel computer systems.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

A multi-stage network comprising (2×log_(d) N)−1 stages is operated in strictly nonblocking manner for unicast includes an input stage having

$\frac{N}{d}$ switches with each of them having d inlet links and 2×d outgoing links connecting to second stage switches, an output stage having

$\frac{N}{d}$ switches with each of them having d outlet links and 2×d incoming links connecting from switches in the penultimate stage. The network also has (2×log_(d) N)−3 middle stages with each middle stage having

$\frac{2 \times N}{d}$ switches, and each switch in the middle stage has d incoming links connecting from the switches in its immediate preceding stage, and d outgoing links connecting to the switches in its immediate succeeding stage. Also the same multi-stage network is operated in rearrangeably nonblocking manner for arbitrary fan-out multicast and each multicast connection is set up by use of at most two outgoing links from the input stage switch.

A multi-stage network comprising (2×log_(d) N)−1 stages is operated in strictly nonblocking manner for multicast includes an input stage having

$\frac{N}{d}$ switches with each of them having d inlet links and 3×d outgoing links connecting to second stage switches, an output stage having

$\frac{N}{d}$ switches with each of them having d outlet links and 3×d incoming links connecting from switches in the penultimate stage. The network also has (2×log_(d) N)−3 middle stages with each middle stage having

$\frac{3 \times N}{d}$ switches, and each switch in the middle stage has d incoming links connecting from the switches in its immediate preceding stage, and d outgoing links connecting to the switches in its immediate succeeding stage.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a diagram 100A of an exemplary symmetrical multi-stage network V(N,d,s) having inverse Benes connection topology of five stages with N=8, d=2 and s=2 with exemplary multicast connections, strictly nonblocking network for unicast connections and rearrangeably nonblocking network for arbitrary fan-out multicast connections, in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 1B is a diagram 100B of a general symmetrical multi-stage network V(N,d,2) with (2×log_(d) N)−1 stages strictly nonblocking network for unicast connections and rearrangeably nonblocking network for arbitrary fan-out multicast connections in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 1C is a diagram 100C of an exemplary asymmetrical multi-stage network V(N₁,N₂,d,2) having inverse Benes connection topology of five stages with N₁=8, N2=p*N₁=24 where p=3, and d=2 with exemplary multicast connections, strictly nonblocking network for unicast connections and rearrangeably nonblocking network for arbitrary fan-out multicast connections, in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 1D is a diagram 100D of a general asymmetrical multi-stage network V(N₁,N₂,d,2) with N₂=p*N₁ and with (2×log_(d) N)−1 stages strictly nonblocking network for unicast connections and rearrangeably nonblocking network for arbitrary fan-out multicast connections in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 1E is a diagram 100E of an exemplary asymmetrical multi-stage network V(N₁,N₂,d,2) having inverse Benes connection topology of five stages with N₂=8, N₁=p*N₂=24, where p=3, and d=2 with exemplary multicast connections, strictly nonblocking network for unicast connections and rearrangeably nonblocking network for arbitrary fan-out multicast connections, in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 1F is a diagram 100F of a general asymmetrical multi-stage network V(N₁,N₂,d,2) with N₁=p*N₂ and with (2×log_(d) N)−1 stages strictly nonblocking network for unicast connections and rearrangeably nonblocking network for arbitrary fan-out multicast connections in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 1A1 is a diagram 100A1 of an exemplary symmetrical multi-stage network V(N,d,2) having Omega connection topology of five stages with N=8, d=2 and s=2 with exemplary multicast connections, strictly nonblocking network for unicast connections and rearrangeably nonblocking network for arbitrary fan-out multicast connections, in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 1C1 is a diagram 100C1 of an exemplary asymmetrical multi-stage network V(N₁,N₂,d,2) having Omega connection topology of five stages with N₁=8, N₂=p*N₁=24 where p=3, and d=2 with exemplary multicast connections, strictly nonblocking network for unicast connections and rearrangeably nonblocking network for arbitrary fan-out multicast connections, in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 1E1 is a diagram 100E1 of an exemplary asymmetrical multi-stage network V(N₁,N₂,d,2) having Omega connection topology of five stages with N₂=8, N₁=p*N₂=24, where p=3, and d=2 with exemplary multicast connections, strictly nonblocking network for unicast connections and rearrangeably nonblocking network for arbitrary fan-out multicast connections, in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 1A2 is a diagram 100A2 of an exemplary symmetrical multi-stage network V(N,d,2) having nearest neighbor connection topology of five stages with N=8, d=2 and s=2 with exemplary multicast connections, strictly nonblocking network for unicast connections and rearrangeably nonblocking network for arbitrary fan-out multicast connections, in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 1C2 is a diagram 100C2 of an exemplary asymmetrical multi-stage network V(N₁,N₂,d,2) having nearest neighbor connection topology of five stages with N₁=8, N₂=p*N₁=24 where p=3, and d=2 with exemplary multicast connections, strictly nonblocking network for unicast connections and rearrangeably nonblocking network for arbitrary fan-out multicast connections, in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 1E2 is a diagram 100E2 of an exemplary asymmetrical multi-stage network V(N₁,N₂,d,2) having nearest neighbor connection topology of five stages with N₂=8, N₁=p*N₂=24, where p=3, and d=2 with exemplary multicast connections, strictly nonblocking network for unicast connections and rearrangeably nonblocking network for arbitrary fan-out multicast connections, in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 2A is a diagram 200A of an exemplary symmetrical multi-stage network V(N,d,3) having inverse Benes connection topology of five stages with N=8, d=2 and s=3 with exemplary multicast connections strictly nonblocking network for arbitrary fan-out multicast connections, in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 2B1 & FIG. 2B2 is a diagram 200B of a general symmetrical multi-stage network V(N,d,3) with (2×log_(d) N)−1 stages strictly nonblocking network for arbitrary fan-out multicast connections in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 2C is a diagram 200C of an exemplary asymmetrical multi-stage network V(N₁,N₂,d,3) having inverse Benes connection topology of five stages with N₁=8, N2=p*N₁=24 where p=3, and d=2 with exemplary multicast connections strictly nonblocking network for arbitrary fan-out multicast connections, in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 2D1 & FIG. 2D2 is a diagram 200D of a general asymmetrical multi-stage network V(N₁,N₂,d,3) with N₂=p*N₁ and with (2×log_(d) N)−1 stages strictly nonblocking network for arbitrary fan-out multicast connections in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 2E is a diagram 200E of an exemplary asymmetrical multi-stage network V(N₁,N₂,d,3) having inverse Benes connection topology of five stages with N₂=8, N₁=p*N₂=24, where p=3, and d=2 with exemplary multicast connections strictly nonblocking network for arbitrary fan-out multicast connections, in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 2F1 & FIG. 2F2 is a diagram 200F of a general asymmetrical multi-stage network V(N₁,N₂,d,3) with N₁=p*N₂ and with (2×log_(d) N)−1 stages strictly nonblocking network for arbitrary fan-out multicast connections in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 2A1 is a diagram 200A1 of an exemplary symmetrical multi-stage network V(N,d,3) having Omega connection topology of five stages with N=8, d=2 and s=3 with exemplary multicast connections, strictly nonblocking network for arbitrary fan-out multicast connections, in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 2C1 is a diagram 200C1 of an exemplary asymmetrical multi-stage network V(N₁,N₂,d,3) having Omega connection topology of five stages with N₁=8, N₂=p*N₁=24 where p=3, and d=2 with exemplary multicast connections, strictly nonblocking network for arbitrary fan-out multicast connections, in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 2E1 is a diagram 200E1 of an exemplary asymmetrical multi-stage network V(N₁,N₂,d,3) having Omega connection topology of five stages with N₂=8, N₁=p*N₂=24, where p=3, and d=2 with exemplary multicast connections, strictly nonblocking network for arbitrary fan-out multicast connections, in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 2A2 is a diagram 200A2 of an exemplary symmetrical multi-stage network V(N,d,3) having nearest neighbor connection topology of five stages with N=8, d=2 and s=3 with exemplary multicast connections, strictly nonblocking network for arbitrary fan-out multicast connections, in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 2C2 is a diagram 200C2 of an exemplary asymmetrical multi-stage network V(N₁,N₂,d,3) having nearest neighbor connection topology of five stages with N₁=8, N₂=p*N₁=24 where p=3, and d=2 with exemplary multicast connections, strictly nonblocking network for arbitrary fan-out multicast connections, in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 2E2 is a diagram 200E2 of an exemplary asymmetrical multi-stage network V(N₁,N₂,d,3) having nearest neighbor connection topology of five stages with N₂=8, N₁=p*N₂=24, where p=3, and d=2 with exemplary multicast connections, strictly nonblocking network for arbitrary fan-out multicast connections, in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 3A is high-level flowchart of a scheduling method according to the invention, used to set up the multicast connections in all the networks disclosed in this invention.

FIG. 4A1 is a diagram 400A1 of an exemplary prior art implementation of a two by two switch; FIG. 4A2 is a diagram 400A2 for programmable integrated circuit prior art implementation of the diagram 400A1 of FIG. 4A1; FIG. 4A3 is a diagram 400A3 for one-time programmable integrated circuit prior art implementation of the diagram 400A1 of FIG. 4A1; FIG. 4A4 is a diagram 400A4 for integrated circuit placement and route implementation of the diagram 400A1 of FIG. 4A1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is concerned with the design and operation of large scale crosspoint reduction using arbitrarily large multi-stage switching networks for broadcast, unicast and multicast connections including their generalized topologies. Particularly multi-stage networks with stages more than three and radices greater than or equal to two offer large scale crosspoint reduction when configured with optimal links as disclosed in this invention.

When a transmitting device simultaneously sends information to more than one receiving device, the one-to-many connection required between the transmitting device and the receiving devices is called a multicast connection. A set of multicast connections is referred to as a multicast assignment. When a transmitting device sends information to one receiving device, the one-to-one connection required between the transmitting device and the receiving device is called unicast connection. When a transmitting device simultaneously sends information to all the available receiving devices, the one-to-all connection required between the transmitting device and the receiving devices is called a broadcast connection.

In general, a multicast connection is meant to be one-to-many connection, which includes unicast and broadcast connections. A multicast assignment in a switching network is nonblocking if any of the available inlet links can always be connected to any of the available outlet links.

In certain multi-stage networks of the type described herein, any connection request of arbitrary fan-out, i.e. from an inlet link to an outlet link or to a set of outlet links of the network, can be satisfied without blocking if necessary by rearranging some of the previous connection requests. In certain other multi-stage networks of the type described herein, any connection request of arbitrary fan-out, i.e. from an inlet link to an outlet link or to a set of outlet links of the network, can be satisfied without blocking with never needing to rearrange any of the previous connection requests.

In certain multi-stage networks of the type described herein, any connection request of unicast from an inlet link to an outlet link of the network, can be satisfied without blocking if necessary by rearranging some of the previous connection requests. In certain other multi-stage networks of the type described herein, any connection request of unicast from an inlet link to an outlet link of the network can be satisfied without blocking with never needing to rearrange any of the previous connection requests.

Nonblocking configurations for other types of networks with numerous connection topologies and scheduling methods are disclosed as follows:

1) Strictly and rearrangeably nonblocking for arbitrary fan-out multicast and unicast for generalized butterfly fat tree networks V_(bft)(N₁,N₂,d,s) with numerous connection topologies and the scheduling methods are described in detail in the PCT Application Serial No. PCT/US08/64603 that is incorporated by reference above.

2) Rearrangeably nonblocking for arbitrary fan-out multicast and unicast, and strictly nonblocking for unicast for generalized multi-link multi-stage networks V_(mlink)(N₁,N₂,d,s) and generalized folded multi-link multi-stage networks V_(fold-mlink)(N₁,N₂,d,s) with numerous connection topologies and the scheduling methods are described in detail in the PCT Application Serial No. PCT/US08/64604 that is incorporated by reference above.

3) Strictly and rearrangeably nonblocking for arbitrary fan-out multicast and unicast for generalized multi-link butterfly fat tree networks V_(mlink-bft)(N₁,N₂,d,s) with numerous connection topologies and the scheduling methods are described in detail in the PCT Application Serial No. PCT/US08/64603 that is incorporated by reference above.

4) Strictly and rearrangeably nonblocking for arbitrary fan-out multicast and unicast for generalized folded multi-stage networks V_(fold)(N₁,N₂,d,s) with numerous connection topologies and the scheduling methods are described in detail in the PCT Application Serial No. PCT/US08/64604 that is incorporated by reference above.

5) Strictly nonblocking for arbitrary fan-out multicast and unicast for generalized multi-link multi-stage networks V_(mlink)(N₁,N₂,d,s) and generalized folded multi-link multi-stage networks V_(fold-mlink)(N₁,N₂,d,s) with numerous connection topologies and the scheduling methods are described in detail in the PCT Application Serial No. PCT/US08/64604 that is incorporated by reference above.

6) VLSI layouts of numerous types of multi-stage networks are described in the PCT Application Serial No. PCT/US08/64605 entitled “VLSI LAYOUTS OF FULLY CONNECTED NETWORKS” that is incorporated by reference above.

7) VLSI layouts of numerous types of multi-stage networks with locality exploitation are described in PCT Application Serial No. PCT/US08/82171 entitled “VLSI LAYOUTS OF FULLY CONNECTED GENERALIZED AND PYRAMID NETWORKS WITH LOCALITY EXPLOITATION” by Venkat Konda assigned to the same assignee as the current application, filed Nov. 2, 2008.

8) VLSI layouts of numerous types of multistage pyramid networks are described in PCT Application Serial No. PCT/US08/82171 entitled “VLSI LAYOUTS OF FULLY CONNECTED GENERALIZED AND PYRAMID NETWORKS WITH LOCALITY EXPLOITATION” by Venkat Konda assigned to the same assignee as the current application, filed Nov. 2, 2008.

Symmetric RNB Embodiments:

Referring to FIG. 1A, in one embodiment, an exemplary symmetrical multi-stage network 100A with five stages of thirty two switches for satisfying communication requests, such as setting up a telephone call or a data call, or a connection between configurable logic blocks, between an input stage 110 and output stage 120 via middle stages 130, 140, and 150 is shown where input stage 110 consists of four, two by four switches IS1-IS4 and output stage 120 consists of four, four by two switches OS1-OS4. And all the middle stages namely middle stage 130 consists of eight, two by two switches MS(1,1)-MS(1,8), middle stage 140 consists of eight, two by two switches MS(2,1)-MS(2,8), and middle stage 150 consists of eight, two by two switches MS(3,1)-MS(3,8).

Such a network can be operated in strictly non-blocking manner for unicast connections, because the switches in the input stage 110 are of size two by four, the switches in output stage 120 are of size four by two, and there are eight switches in each of middle stage 130, middle stage 140 and middle stage 150. Such a network can be operated in rearrangeably non-blocking manner for multicast connections, because the switches in the input stage 110 are of size two by four, the switches in output stage 120 are of size four by two, and there are eight switches in each of middle stage 130, middle stage 140 and middle stage 150.

In one embodiment of this network each of the input switches IS1-IS4 and output switches OS1-OS4 are crossbar switches. The number of switches of input stage 110 and of output stage 120 can be denoted in general with the variable

$\frac{N}{d},$ where N is the total number of inlet links or outlet links. The number of middle switches in each middle stage is denoted by

$2 \times {\frac{N}{d}.}$ The size of each input switch IS1-IS4 can be denoted in general with the notation d*2d and each output switch OS1-OS4 can be denoted in general with the notation 2d*d. Likewise, the size of each switch in any of the middle stages can be denoted as d*d. A switch as used herein can be either a crossbar switch, or a network of switches each of which in turn may be a crossbar switch or a network of switches. A symmetric multi-stage network can be represented with the notation V(N,d,s), where N represents the total number of inlet links of all input switches (for example the links IL1-IL8), d represents the inlet links of each input switch or outlet links of each output switch, and s is the ratio of number of outgoing links from each input switch to the inlet links of each input switch. Although it is not necessary that there be the same number of inlet links IL1-IL8 as there are outlet links OL1-OL8, in a symmetrical network they are the same.

Each of the

$\frac{N}{d}$ input switches IS1-IS4 are connected to exactly 2×d switches in middle stage 130 through 2×d links (for example input switch IS1 is connected to middle switches MS(1,1), MS(1,2), MS(1,5) and MS(1,6) through the links ML(1,1), ML(1,2), ML(1,3) and ML(1,4) respectively).

Each of the

$2 \times \frac{N}{d}$ middle switches MS(1,1)-MS(1,8) in the middle stage 130 are connected from exactly d input switches through d links (for example the links ML(1,1) and ML(1,5) are connected to the middle switch MS(1,1) from input switch IS1 and IS2 respectively) and also are connected to exactly d switches in middle stage 140 through d links (for example the links ML(2,1) and ML(2,2) are connected from middle switch MS(1,1) to middle switch MS(2,1) and MS(2,3) respectively).

Similarly each of the

$2 \times \frac{N}{d}$ middle switches MS(2,1)-MS(2,8) in the middle stage 140 are connected from exactly d switches in middle stage 130 through d links (for example the links ML(2,1) and ML(2,6) are connected to the middle switch MS(2,1) from middle switches MS(1,1) and MS(1,3) respectively) and also are connected to exactly d switches in middle stage 150 through d links (for example the links ML(3,1) and ML(3,2) are connected from middle switch MS(2,1) to middle switch MS(3,1) and MS(3,3) respectively).

Similarly each of the

$2 \times \frac{N}{d}$ middle switches MS(3,1)-MS(3,8) in the middle stage 150 are connected from exactly d switches in middle stage 140 through d links (for example the links ML(3,1) and ML(3,6) are connected to the middle switch MS(3,1) from middle switches MS(2,1) and MS(2,3) respectively) and also are connected to exactly d output switches in output stage 120 through d links (for example the links ML(4,1) and ML(4,2) are connected to output switches OS1 and OS2 respectively from middle switches MS(3,1)).

Each of the

$\frac{N}{d}$ output switches OS1-OS4 are connected from exactly 2×d switches in middle stage 150 through 2×d links (for example output switch OS1 is connected from middle switches MS(3,1), MS(3,2), MS(3,5) and MS(3,6) through the links ML(4,1), ML(4,3), ML(4,9) and ML(4,11) respectively).

Finally the connection topology of the network 100A shown in FIG. 1A is known to be back to back inverse Benes connection topology.

Referring to FIG. 1A1, in another embodiment of network V(N,d,s), an exemplary symmetrical multi-stage network 100A1 with five stages of thirty two switches for satisfying communication requests, such as setting up a telephone call or a data call, or a connection between configurable logic blocks, between an input stage 110 and output stage 120 via middle stages 130, 140, and 150 is shown where input stage 110 consists of four, two by four switches IS1-IS4 and output stage 120 consists of four, four by two switches OS1-OS4. And all the middle stages namely middle stage 130 consists of eight, two by two switches MS(1,1)-MS(1,8), middle stage 140 consists of eight, two by two switches MS(2,1)-MS(2,8), and middle stage 150 consists of eight, two by two switches MS(3,1)-MS(3,8).

Such a network can be operated in strictly non-blocking manner for unicast connections, because the switches in the input stage 110 are of size two by four, the switches in output stage 120 are of size four by two, and there are eight switches in each of middle stage 130, middle stage 140 and middle stage 150. Such a network can be operated in rearrangeably non-blocking manner for multicast connections, because the switches in the input stage 110 are of size two by four, the switches in output stage 120 are of size four by two, and there are eight switches in each of middle stage 130, middle stage 140 and middle stage 150.

In one embodiment of this network each of the input switches IS1-IS4 and output switches OS1-OS4 are crossbar switches. The number of switches of input stage 110 and of output stage 120 can be denoted in general with the variable

$\frac{N}{d},$ where N is the total number of inlet links or outlet links The number of middle switches in each middle stage is denoted by

$2 \times {\frac{N}{d}.}$ The size of each input switch IS1-IS4 can be denoted in general with the notation d*2d and each output switch OS1-OS4 can be denoted in general with the notation 2d*d. Likewise, the size of each switch in any of the middle stages can be denoted as d*d. A switch as used herein can be either a crossbar switch, or a network of switches each of which in turn may be a crossbar switch or a network of switches. The symmetric multi-stage network of FIG. 1A1 is also the network of the type V(N,d,s), where N represents the total number of inlet links of all input switches (for example the links IL1-IL8), d represents the inlet links of each input switch or outlet links of each output switch, and s is the ratio of number of outgoing links from each input switch to the inlet links of each input switch. Although it is not necessary that there be the same number of inlet links IL1-IL8 as there are outlet links OL1-OL8, in a symmetrical network they are the same.

Each of the

$\frac{N}{d}$ input switches IS1-IS4 are connected to exactly 2×d switches in middle stage 130 through 2×d links (for example input switch IS1 is connected to middle switches MS(1,1), MS(1,2), MS(1,5) and MS(1,6) through the links ML(1,1), ML(1,2), ML(1,3) and ML(1,4) respectively).

Each of the

$2 \times \frac{N}{d}$ middle switches MS(1,1)-MS(1,8) in the middle stage 130 are connected from exactly d input switches through d links (for example the links ML(1,1) and ML(1,9) are connected to the middle switch MS(1,1) from input switch IS1 and IS3 respectively) and also are connected to exactly d switches in middle stage 140 through d links (for example the links ML(2,1) and ML(2,2) are connected from middle switch MS(1,1) to middle switch MS(2,1) and MS(2,2) respectively).

Similarly each of the

$2 \times \frac{N}{d}$ middle switches MS(2,1)-MS(2,8) in the middle stage 140 are connected from exactly d switches in middle stage 130 through d links (for example the links ML(2,1) and ML(2,5) are connected to the middle switch MS(2,1) from middle switches MS(1,1) and MS(1,3) respectively) and also are connected to exactly d switches in middle stage 150 through d links (for example the links ML(3,1) and ML(3,2) are connected from middle switch MS(2,1) to middle switch MS(3,1) and MS(3,2) respectively).

Similarly each of the

$2 \times \frac{N}{d}$ middle switches MS(3,1)-MS(3,8) in the middle stage 150 are connected from exactly d switches in middle stage 140 through d links (for example the links ML(3,1) and ML(3,5) are connected to the middle switch MS(3,1) from middle switches MS(2,1) and MS(2,3) respectively) and also are connected to exactly d output switches in output stage 120 through d links (for example the links ML(4,1) and ML(4,2) are connected to output switches OS1 and OS2 respectively from middle switches MS(3,1)).

Each of the

$\frac{N}{d}$ output switches OS1-OS4 are connected from exactly 2×d switches in middle stage 150 through 2×d links (for example output switch OS1 is connected from middle switches MS(3,1), MS(3,3), MS(3,5) and MS(3,7) through the links ML(4,1), ML(4,5), ML(4,9) and ML(4,13) respectively).

Finally the connection topology of the network 100A1 shown in FIG. 1A1 is known to be back to back Omega connection topology.

Referring to FIG. 1A2, in another embodiment of network V(N,d,s), an exemplary symmetrical multi-stage network 100A2 with five stages of thirty two switches for satisfying communication requests, such as setting up a telephone call or a data call, or a connection between configurable logic blocks, between an input stage 110 and output stage 120 via middle stages 130, 140, and 150 is shown where input stage 110 consists of four, two by four switches IS1-IS4 and output stage 120 consists of four, four by two switches OS1-OS4. And all the middle stages namely middle stage 130 consists of eight, two by two switches MS(1,1)-MS(1,8), middle stage 140 consists of eight, two by two switches MS(2,1)-MS(2,8), and middle stage 150 consists of eight, two by two switches MS(3,1)-MS(3,8).

Such a network can be operated in strictly non-blocking manner for unicast connections, because the switches in the input stage 110 are of size two by four, the switches in output stage 120 are of size four by two, and there are eight switches in each of middle stage 130, middle stage 140 and middle stage 150. Such a network can be operated in rearrangeably non-blocking manner for multicast connections, because the switches in the input stage 110 are of size two by four, the switches in output stage 120 are of size four by two, and there are eight switches in each of middle stage 130, middle stage 140 and middle stage 150.

In one embodiment of this network each of the input switches IS1-IS4 and output switches OS1-OS4 are crossbar switches. The number of switches of input stage 110 and of output stage 120 can be denoted in general with the variable

$\frac{N}{d},$ where N is the total number of inlet links or outlet links The number of middle switches in each middle stage is denoted by

$2 \times {\frac{N}{d}.}$ The size of each input switch IS1-IS4 can be denoted in general with the notation d*2d and each output switch OS1-OS4 can be denoted in general with the notation 2d*d. Likewise, the size of each switch in any of the middle stages can be denoted as d*d. A switch as used herein can be either a crossbar switch, or a network of switches each of which in turn may be a crossbar switch or a network of switches. The symmetric multi-stage network of FIG. 1A2 is also the network of the type V(N,d,s), where N represents the total number of inlet links of all input switches (for example the links IL1-IL8), d represents the inlet links of each input switch or outlet links of each output switch, and s is the ratio of number of outgoing links from each input switch to the inlet links of each input switch. Although it is not necessary that there be the same number of inlet links IL1-IL8 as there are outlet links OL1-OL8, in a symmetrical network they are the same.

Each of the

$\frac{N}{d}$ input switches IS1-IS4 are connected to exactly 2×d switches in middle stage 130 through 2×d links (for example input switch IS1 is connected to middle switches MS(1,1), MS(1,2), MS(1,5) and MS(1,6) through the links ML(1,1), ML(1,2), ML(1,3) and ML(1,4) respectively).

Each of the

$2 \times \frac{N}{d}$ middle switches MS(1,1)-MS(1,8) in the middle stage 130 are connected from exactly d input switches through d links (for example the links ML(1,1) and ML(1,14) are connected to the middle switch MS(1,1) from input switch IS1 and IS4 respectively) and also are connected to exactly d switches in middle stage 140 through d links (for example the links ML(2,1) and ML(2,2) are connected from middle switch MS(1,1) to middle switch MS(2,1) and MS(2,2) respectively).

Similarly each of the

$2 \times \frac{N}{d}$ middle switches MS(2,1)-MS(2,8) in the middle stage 140 are connected from exactly d switches in middle stage 130 through d links (for example the links ML(2,1) and ML(2,8) are connected to the middle switch MS(2,1) from middle switches MS(1,1) and MS(1,4) respectively) and also are connected to exactly d switches in middle stage 150 through d links (for example the links ML(3,1) and ML(3,2) are connected from middle switch MS(2,1) to middle switch MS(3,1) and MS(3,2) respectively).

Similarly each of the

$2 \times \frac{N}{d}$ middle switches MS(3,1)-MS(3,8) in the middle stage 150 are connected from exactly d switches in middle stage 140 through d links (for example the links ML(3,1) and ML(3,8) are connected to the middle switch MS(3,1) from middle switches MS(2,1) and MS(2,4) respectively) and also are connected to exactly d output switches in output stage 120 through d links (for example the links ML(4,1) and ML(4,2) are connected to output switches OS1 and OS2 respectively from middle switches MS(3,1)).

Each of the

$\frac{N}{d}$ output switches OS1-OS4 are connected from exactly 2×d switches in middle stage 150 through 2×d links (for example output switch OS1 is connected from middle switches MS(3,1), MS(3,4), MS(3,5) and MS(3,8) through the links ML(4,1), ML(4,2), ML(4,3) and ML(4,4) respectively).

Finally the connection topology of the network 100A2 shown in FIG. 1A2 is hereinafter called nearest neighbor connection topology.

In the three embodiments of FIG. 1A, FIG. 1A1 and FIG. 1A2 the connection topology is different. That is the way the links ML(1,1)-ML(1,16), ML(2,1)-ML(2,16), ML(3,1)-ML(3,16), and ML(4,1)-ML(4,16) are connected between the respective stages is different. Even though only three embodiments are illustrated, in general, the network V(N,d,s) can comprise any arbitrary type of connection topology. For example the connection topology of the network V(N,d,s) may be back to back Benes networks, Delta Networks and many more combinations. The applicant notes that the fundamental property of a valid connection topology of the V(N,d,s) network is, when no connections are setup in the network, a connection from any inlet link to any outlet link can be setup. Based on this property numerous embodiments of the network V(N,d,s) can be built. The embodiments of FIG. 1A, FIG. 1A1, and FIG. 1A2 are only three examples of network V(N,d,s).

In the three embodiments of FIG. 1A, FIG. 1A1 and FIG. 1A2, each of the links ML(1,1)-ML(1,16), ML(2,1)-ML(2,16), ML(3,1)-ML(3,16) and ML(4,1)-ML(4,16) are either available for use by a new connection or not available if currently used by an existing connection. The input switches IS1-IS4 are also referred to as the network input ports. The input stage 110 is often referred to as the first stage. The output switches OS1-OS4 are also referred to as the network output ports. The output stage 120 is often referred to as the last stage. The middle stage switches MS(1,1)-MS(1,8), MS(2,1)-MS(2,8), and MS(3,1)-MS(3,8) are referred to as middle switches or middle ports.

In the example illustrated in FIG. 1A (or in FIG1A1, or in FIG. 1A2), a fan-out of four is possible to satisfy a multicast connection request if input switch is IS2, but only two switches in middle stage 130 will be used. Similarly, although a fan-out of three is possible for a multicast connection request if the input switch is IS1, again only a fan-out of two is used. The specific middle switches that are chosen in middle stage 130 when selecting a fan-out of two is irrelevant so long as at most two middle switches are selected to ensure that the connection request is satisfied. In essence, limiting the fan-out from input switch to no more than two middle switches permits the network 100A (or 100A1, or 100A2), to be operated in rearrangeably nonblocking manner in accordance with the invention.

The connection request of the type described above can be unicast connection request, a multicast connection request or a broadcast connection request, depending on the example. In case of a unicast connection request, a fan-out of one is used, i.e. a single middle stage switch in middle stage 130 is used to satisfy the request. Moreover, although in the above-described embodiment a limit of two has been placed on the fan-out into the middle stage switches in middle stage 130, the limit can be greater depending on the number of middle stage switches in a network (while maintaining the rearrangeably nonblocking nature of operation of the network for multicast connections). However any arbitrary fan-out may be used within any of the middle stage switches and the output stage switches to satisfy the connection request.

Generalized Symmetric RNB Embodiments:

Network 100B of FIG. 1B is an example of general symmetrical multi-stage network V(N,d,s) with (2×log_(d) N)−1 stages. The general symmetrical multi-stage network V(N,d,s) can be operated in rearrangeably nonblocking manner for multicast when s=2 according to the current invention. Also the general symmetrical multi-stage network V(N,d,s) can be operated in strictly nonblocking manner for unicast if s=2 according to the current invention (And in the example of FIG. 1B, s=2). The general symmetrical multi-stage network V(N,d,s) with (2×log_(d) N)−1 stages has d inlet links for each of

$\frac{N}{d}$ input switches IS1-IS(N/d) (for example the links IL1-IL(d) to the input switch IS1) and 2×d outgoing links for each of

$\frac{N}{d}$ input switches IS1-IS(N/d) (for example the links ML(1,1)-ML(1,2d) to the input switch IS1). There are d outlet links for each of

$\frac{N}{d}$ output switches OS1-OS(N/d) (for example the links OL1-OL(d) to the output switch OS1) and 2×d incoming links for each of

$\frac{N}{d}$ output switches OS1-OS(N/d) (for example ML(2×Log_(d) N−2,1)-ML(2×Log_(d) N−2,2×d) to the output switch OS1).

Each of the

$\frac{N}{d}$ input switches IS1-IS(N/d) are connected to exactly 2×d switches in middle stage 130 through 2×d links (for example input switch IS1 is connected to middle switches MS(1,1)-MS(1,d) through the links ML(1,1)-ML(1,d) and to middle switches MS(1,N/d+1)-MS(1,{N/d}+d) through the links ML(1,d+1)-ML(1,2d) respectively.

Each of the

$2 \times \frac{N}{d}$ middle switches MS(1,1)-MS(1,2N/d) in the middle stage 130 are connected from exactly d input switches through d links and also are connected to exactly d switches in middle stage 140 through d links.

Similarly each of the

$2 \times \frac{N}{d}$ middle switches

${{MS}\left( {{{{Log}_{d}N} - 1},1} \right)} - {{MS}\left( {{{{Log}_{d}N} - 1},{2 \times \frac{N}{d}}} \right)}$ in the middle stage 130+10*(Log_(d) N−2) are connected from exactly d switches in middle stage 130+10*(Log_(d) N−3) through d links and also are connected to exactly d switches in middle stage 130+10*(Log_(d) N−1) through d links.

Similarly each of the

$2 \times \frac{N}{d}$ middle switches

${{MS}\left( {{{2 \times {Log}_{d}N} - 3},1} \right)} - {{MS}\left( {{{2 \times {Log}_{d}N} - 3},{2 \times \frac{N}{d}}} \right)}$ in the middle stage 130+10*(2*Log_(d) N−4) are connected from exactly d switches in middle stage 130+10*(2*Log_(d) N−5) through d links and also are connected to exactly d output switches in output stage 120 through d links.

Each of the

$\frac{N}{d}$ output switches OS1-OS(N/d) are connected from exactly 2×d switches in middle stage 130+10*(2*Log_(d) N−4) through 2×d links.

As described before, again the connection topology of a general V(N,d,s) may be any one of the connection topologies. For example the connection topology of the network V(N,d,s) may be back to back inverse Benes networks, back to back Omega networks, back to back Benes networks, Delta Networks and many more combinations. The applicant notes that the fundamental property of a valid connection topology of the general V(N,d,s) network is, when no connections are setup in the network, a connection from any inlet link to any outlet link can be setup. Based on this property numerous embodiments of the network V(N,d,s) can be built. The embodiments of FIG. 1A, FIG. 1A1, and FIG. 1A2 are three examples of network V(N,d,s).

The general symmetrical multi-stage network V(N,d,s) can be operated in rearrangeably nonblocking manner for multicast when s=2 according to the current invention. Also the general symmetrical multi-stage network V(N,d,s) can be operated in strictly nonblocking manner for unicast if s=2 according to the current invention.

Every switch in the multi-stage networks discussed herein has multicast capability. In a V(N,d,s) network, if a network inlet link is to be connected to more than one outlet link on the same output switch, then it is only necessary for the corresponding input switch to have one path to that output switch. This follows because that path can be multicast within the output switch to as many outlet links as necessary. Multicast assignments can therefore be described in terms of connections between input switches and output switches. An existing connection or a new connection from an input switch to r′ output switches is said to have fan-out r′. If all multicast assignments of a first type, wherein any inlet link of an input switch is to be connected in an output switch to at most one outlet link are realizable, then multicast assignments of a second type, wherein any inlet link of each input switch is to be connected to more than one outlet link in the same output switch, can also be realized. For this reason, the following discussion is limited to general multicast connections of the first type (with fan-out r′,

$\left. {1 \leq r^{\prime} \leq \frac{N}{d}} \right)$ although the same discussion is applicable to the second type.

To characterize a multicast assignment, for each inlet link

${i \in \left\{ {1,2,\ldots\mspace{14mu},\frac{N}{d}} \right\}},$ let I_(i)=O, where

${O \Subset \left\{ {1,2,\ldots\mspace{14mu},\frac{N}{d}} \right\}},$ denote the subset of output switches to which inlet link i is to be connected in the multicast assignment. For example, the network of FIG. 1A shows an exemplary five-stage network, namely V(8,2,2), with the following multicast assignment I₁={2,3} and all other I_(j)=φ for j=[2-8]. It should be noted that the connection I₁ fans out in the first stage switch IS1 into middle switches MS(1,1) and MS(1,5) in middle stage 130, and fans out in middle switches MS(1,1) and MS(1,5) only once into middle switches MS(2,1) and MS(2,5) respectively in middle stage 140.

The connection I₁ also fans out in middle switches MS(2,1) and MS(2,5) only once into middle switches MS(3,1) and MS(3,7) respectively in middle stage 150. The connection I₁ also fans out in middle switches MS(3,1) and MS(3,7) only once into output switches OS2 and OS3 in output stage 120. Finally the connection I₁ fans out once in the output stage switch OS2 into outlet link OL3 and in the output stage switch OS3 twice into the outlet links OL5 and OL6. In accordance with the invention, each connection can fan out in the input stage switch into at most two middle stage switches in middle stage 130.

Asymmetric RNB (N₂>N₁) Embodiments:

Referring to FIG. 1C, in one embodiment, an exemplary asymmetrical multi-stage network 100C with five stages of thirty two switches for satisfying communication requests, such as setting up a telephone call or a data call, or a connection between configurable logic blocks, between an input stage 110 and output stage 120 via middle stages 130, 140, and 150 is shown where input stage 110 consists of four, two by four switches IS1-IS4 and output stage 120 consists of four, eight by six switches OS1-OS4. And all the middle stages namely middle stage 130 consists of eight, two by two switches MS(1,1)-MS(1,8), middle stage 140 consists of eight, two by two switches MS(2,1)-MS(2,8), and middle stage 150 consists of eight, two by four switches MS(3,1)-MS(3,8).

Such a network can be operated in strictly non-blocking manner for unicast connections, because the switches in the input stage 110 are of size two by four, the switches in output stage 120 are of size eight by six, and there are eight switches in each of middle stage 130, middle stage 140 and middle stage 150. Such a network can be operated in rearrangeably non-blocking manner for multicast connections, because the switches in the input stage 110 are of size two by four, the switches in output stage 120 are of size eight by six, and there are eight switches of size two by two in each of middle stage 130 and middle stage 140, and eight switches of size two by four in middle stage 150.

In one embodiment of this network each of the input switches IS1-IS4 and output switches OS1-OS4 are crossbar switches. The number of switches of input stage 110 and of output stage 120 can be denoted in general with the variable

$\frac{N_{1}}{d},$ where N₁ is the total number of inlet links or and N₂ is the total number of outlet links and N₂>N₁ and N₂=p*N₁ where p>1. The number of middle switches in each middle stage is denoted by

$2 \times {\frac{N_{1}}{d}.}$ The size of each input switch IS1-IS4 can be denoted in general with the notation d*2d and each output switch OS1-OS4 can be denoted in general with the notation (d+d₂)*d , where

$d_{2} = {{N_{2} \times \frac{d}{N_{1}}} = {p \times {d.}}}$ The size of each switch in any of the middle stages excepting the last middle stage can be denoted as d*d. The size of each switch in the last middle stage can be denoted as

$d*{\frac{\left( {d + d_{2}} \right)}{2}.}$ A switch as used herein can be either a crossbar switch, or a network of switches each of which in turn may be a crossbar switch or a network of switches. An asymmetric multi-stage network can be represented with the notation V(N₁,N₂,d,s), where N₁ represents the total number of inlet links of all input switches (for example the links IL1-IL8), N₂ represents the total number of outlet links of all output switches (for example the links OL1-OL24), d represents the inlet links of each input switch where N₂>N₁, and s is the ratio of number of outgoing links from each input switch to the inlet links of each input switch.

Each of the

$\frac{N_{1}}{d}$ input switches IS1-IS4 are connected to exactly 2×d switches in middle stage 130 through 2×d links (for example input switch IS1 is connected to middle switches MS(1,1), MS(1,2), MS(1,5) and MS(1,6) through the links ML(1,1), ML(1,2), ML(1,3) and ML(1,4) respectively).

Each of the

$2 \times \frac{N_{1}}{d}$ middle switches MS(1,1)-MS(1,8) in the middle stage 130 are connected from exactly d input switches through d links (for example the links ML(1,1) and ML(1,5) are connected to the middle switch MS(1,1) from input switch IS1 and IS2 respectively) and also are connected to exactly d switches in middle stage 140 through d links (for example the links ML(2,1) and ML(2,2) are connected from middle switch MS(1,1) to middle switch MS(2,1) and MS(2,3) respectively).

Similarly each of the

$2 \times \frac{N_{1}}{d}$ middle switches MS(2,1)-MS(2,8) in the middle stage 140 are connected from exactly d switches in middle stage 130 through d links (for example the links ML(2,1) and ML(2,6) are connected to the middle switch MS(2,1) from middle switches MS(1,1) and MS(1,3) respectively) and also are connected to exactly d switches in middle stage 150 through d links (for example the links ML(3,1) and ML(3,2) are connected from middle switch MS(2,1) to middle switch MS(3,1) and MS(3,3) respectively).

Similarly each of the

$2 \times \frac{N_{1}}{d}$ middle switches MS(3,1)-MS(3,8) in the middle stage 150 are connected from exactly d switches in middle stage 140 through d links (for example the links ML(3,1) and ML(3,6) are connected to the middle switch MS(3,1) from middle switches MS(2,1) and MS(2,3) respectively) and also are connected to exactly

$\frac{d + d_{2}}{2}$ output switches in output stage 120 through

$\frac{d + d_{2}}{2}$ links (for example the links ML(4,1), ML(4,2), ML(4,3) and ML(4,4) are connected to output switches OS1, OS2, OS3, and OS4 respectively from middle switches MS(3,1)).

Each of the

$\frac{N_{1}}{d}$ output switches OS1-OS4 are connected from exactly d+d₂ switches in middle stage 150 through d+d₂ links (for example output switch OS1 is connected from middle switches MS(3,1), MS(3,2), MS(3,3), MS(3,4), MS(3,5), MS(3,6), MS(3,7), and MS(3,8) through the links ML(4,1), ML(4,5), ML(4,9), ML(4,13), ML(4,17), ML(4,21), ML(4,25) and ML(4,29) respectively).

Finally the connection topology of the network 100C shown in FIG. 1C is known to be back to back inverse Benes connection topology.

Referring to FIG. 1C1, in another embodiment of network V(N₁,N₂,d,s), an exemplary asymmetrical multi-stage network 100C1 with five stages of thirty two switches for satisfying communication requests, such as setting up a telephone call or a data call, or a connection between configurable logic blocks, between an input stage 110 and output stage 120 via middle stages 130, 140, and 150 is shown where input stage 110 consists of four, two by four switches IS1-IS4 and output stage 120 consists of four, eight by six switches OS1-OS4. And all the middle stages namely middle stage 130 consists of eight, two by two switches MS(1,1)-MS(1,8), middle stage 140 consists of eight, two by two switches MS(2,1)-MS(2,8), and middle stage 150 consists of eight, two by four switches MS(3,1)-MS(3,8).

Such a network can be operated in strictly non-blocking manner for unicast connections, because the switches in the input stage 110 are of size two by four, the switches in output stage 120 are of size eight by six, and there are eight switches in each of middle stage 130, middle stage 140 and middle stage 150. Such a network can be operated in rearrangeably non-blocking manner for multicast connections, because the switches in the input stage 110 are of size two by four, the switches in output stage 120 are of size eight by six, and there are eight switches of size two by two in each of middle stage 130 and middle stage 140, and eight switches of size two by four in middle stage 150.

In one embodiment of this network each of the input switches IS1-IS4 and output switches OS1-OS4 are crossbar switches. The number of switches of input stage 110 and of output stage 120 can be denoted in general with the variable

$\frac{N_{1}}{d},$ where N₁ is the total number of inlet links or and N₂ is the total number of outlet links and N₂>N₁ and N₂=p*N₁ where p>1. The number of middle switches in each middle stage is denoted by

$2 \times {\frac{N_{1}}{d}.}$ The size of each input switch IS1-IS4 can be denoted in general with the notation d*2d and each output switch OS1-OS4 can be denoted in general with the notation (d+d₂)*d , where

$d_{2} = {{N_{2} \times \frac{d}{N_{1}}} = {p \times {d.}}}$ The size of each switch in any of the middle stages excepting the last middle stage can be denoted as d*d. The size of each switch in the last middle stage can be denoted as

$d*{\frac{\left( {d + d_{2}} \right)}{2}.}$ A switch as used herein can be either a crossbar switch, or a network of switches each of which in turn may be a crossbar switch or a network of switches. The asymmetric multi-stage network of FIG. 1C1 is also the network of the type V(N₁,N₂,d,s), where N₁ represents the total number of inlet links of all input switches (for example the links IL1-IL8), N₂ represents the total number of outlet links of all output switches (for example the links OL1-OL24), d represents the inlet links of each input switch where N₂>N₁, and s is the ratio of number of outgoing links from each input switch to the inlet links of each input switch.

Each of the

$\frac{N_{1}}{d}$ input switches IS1-IS4 are connected to exactly 2×d switches in middle stage 130 through 2×d links (for example input switch IS1 is connected to middle switches MS(1,1), MS(1,2), MS(1,5) and MS(1,6) through the links ML(1,1), ML(1,2), ML(1,3) and ML(1,4) respectively).

Each of the

$2 \times \frac{N_{1}}{d}$ middle switches MS(1,1)-MS(1,8) in the middle stage 130 are connected from exactly d input switches through d links (for example the links ML(1,1) and ML(1,9) are connected to the middle switch MS(1,1) from input switch IS1 and IS3 respectively) and also are connected to exactly d switches in middle stage 140 through d links (for example the links ML(2,1) and ML(2,2) are connected from middle switch MS(1,1) to middle switch MS(2,1) and MS(2,2) respectively).

Similarly each of the

$2 \times \frac{N_{1}}{d}$ middle switches MS(2,1)-MS(2,8) in the middle stage 140 are connected from exactly d switches in middle stage 130 through d links (for example the links ML(2,1) and ML(2,5) are connected to the middle switch MS(2,1) from middle switches MS(1,1) and MS(1,3) respectively) and also are connected to exactly d switches in middle stage 150 through d links (for example the links ML(3,1) and ML(3,2) are connected from middle switch MS(2,1) to middle switch MS(3,1) and MS(3,2) respectively).

Similarly each of the

$2 \times \frac{N_{1}}{d}$ middle switches MS(3,1)-MS(3,8) in the middle stage 150 are connected from exactly d switches in middle stage 140 through d links (for example the links ML(3,1) and ML(3,5) are connected to the middle switch MS(3,1) from middle switches MS(2,1) and MS(2,3) respectively) and also are connected to exactly

$\frac{d + d_{2}}{2}$ output switches in output stage 120 through

$\frac{d + d_{2}}{2}$ links (for example the links ML(4,1), ML(4,2), ML(4,3) and ML(4,4) are connected to output switches OS1, OS2, OS3, and OS4 respectively from middle switches MS(3,1)).

Each of the

$\frac{N_{1}}{d}$ output switches OS1-OS4 are connected from exactly d+d₂ switches in middle stage 150 through d+d₂ links (for example output switch OS1 is connected from middle switches MS(3,1), MS(3,2), MS(3,3), MS(3,4), MS(3,5), MS(3,6), MS(3,7), and MS(3,8) through the links ML(4,1), ML(4,5), ML(4,9), ML(4,13), ML(4,17), ML(4,21), ML(4,25) and ML(4,29) respectively).

Finally the connection topology of the network 100C1 shown in FIG. 1C1 is known to be back to back Omega connection topology.

Referring to FIG. 1C2, in another embodiment of network V(N₁,N₂,d,s), an exemplary asymmetrical multi-stage network 100C2 with five stages of thirty two switches for satisfying communication requests, such as setting up a telephone call or a data call, or a connection between configurable logic blocks, between an input stage 110 and output stage 120 via middle stages 130, 140, and 150 is shown where input stage 110 consists of four, two by four switches IS1-IS4 and output stage 120 consists of four, eight by six switches OS1-OS4. And all the middle stages namely middle stage 130 consists of eight, two by two switches MS(1,1)-MS(1,8), middle stage 140 consists of eight, two by two switches MS(2,1)-MS(2,8), and middle stage 150 consists of eight, two by four switches MS(3,1)-MS(3,8).

Such a network can be operated in strictly non-blocking manner for unicast connections, because the switches in the input stage 110 are of size two by four, the switches in output stage 120 are of size eight by six, and there are eight switches in each of middle stage 130, middle stage 140 and middle stage 150. Such a network can be operated in rearrangeably non-blocking manner for multicast connections, because the switches in the input stage 110 are of size two by four, the switches in output stage 120 are of size eight by six, and there are eight switches of size two by two in each of middle stage 130 and middle stage 140, and eight switches of size two by four in middle stage 150.

In one embodiment of this network each of the input switches IS1-IS4 and output switches OS1-OS4 are crossbar switches. The number of switches of input stage 110 and of output stage 120 can be denoted in general with the variable

$\frac{N_{1}}{d},$ where N₁ is the total number of inlet links or and N₂ is the total number of outlet links and N₂>N₁ and N₂=p*N₁ where p>1. The number of middle switches in each middle stage is denoted by

$2 \times {\frac{N_{1}}{d}.}$ The size of each input switch IS1-IS4 can be denoted in general with the notation d*2d and each output switch OS1-OS4 can be denoted in general with the notation (d+d₂)*d , where

$d_{2} = {{N_{2} \times \frac{d}{N_{1}}} = {p \times {d.}}}$ The size of each switch in any of the middle stages excepting the last middle stage can be denoted as d*d. The size of each switch in the last middle stage can be denoted as

$d*{\frac{\left( {d + d_{2}} \right)}{2}.}$ A switch as used herein can be either a crossbar switch, or a network of switches each of which in turn may be a crossbar switch or a network of switches. The asymmetric multi-stage network of FIG. 1C2 is also the network of the type V(N₁,N₂,d,s), where N₁ represents the total number of inlet links of all input switches (for example the links IL1-IL8), N₂ represents the total number of outlet links of all output switches (for example the links OL1-OL24), d represents the inlet links of each input switch where N₂>N₁, and s is the ratio of number of outgoing links from each input switch to the inlet links of each input switch.

Each of the

$\frac{N_{1}}{d}$ input switches IS1-IS4 are connected to exactly 2×d switches in middle stage 130 through 2×d links (for example input switch IS1 is connected to middle switches MS(1,1), MS(1,2), MS(1,5) and MS(1,6) through the links ML(1,1), ML(1,2), ML(1,3) and ML(1,4) respectively).

Each of the

$2 \times \frac{N_{1}}{d}$ middle switches MS(1,1)-MS(1,8) in the middle stage 130 are connected from exactly d input switches through d links (for example the links ML(1,1) and ML(1,14) are connected to the middle switch MS(1,1) from input switch IS1 and IS4 respectively) and also are connected to exactly d switches in middle stage 140 through d links (for example the links ML(2,1) and ML(2,2) are connected from middle switch MS(1,1) to middle switch MS(2,1) and MS(2,2) respectively).

Similarly each of the

$2 \times \frac{N_{1}}{d}$ middle switches MS(2,1)-MS(2,8) in the middle stage 140 are connected from exactly d switches in middle stage 130 through d links (for example the links ML(2,1) and ML(2,8) are connected to the middle switch MS(2,1) from middle switches MS(1,1) and MS(1,4) respectively) and also are connected to exactly d switches in middle stage 150 through d links (for example the links ML(3,1) and ML(3,2) are connected from middle switch MS(2,1) to middle switch MS(3,1) and MS(3,2) respectively).

Similarly each of the

$2 \times \frac{N_{1}}{d}$ middle switches MS(3,1)-MS(3,8) in the middle stage 150 are connected from exactly d switches in middle stage 140 through d links (for example the links ML(3,1) and ML(3,8) are connected to the middle switch MS(3,1) from middle switches MS(2,1) and MS(2,4) respectively) and also are connected to exactly

$\frac{d + d_{2}}{2}$ output switches in output stage 120 through

$\frac{d + d_{2}}{2}$ links (for example the links ML(4,1), ML(4,2), ML(4,3) and ML(4,4) are connected to output switches OS1, OS2, OS3, and OS4 respectively from middle switches MS(3,1)).

Each of the

$\frac{N_{1}}{d}$ output switches OS1-OS4 are connected from exactly d+d₂ switches in middle stage 150 through d+d₂ links (for example output switch OS1 is connected from middle switches MS(3,1), MS(3,2), MS(3,3), MS(3,4), MS(3,5), MS(3,6), MS(3,7), and MS(3,8) through the links ML(4,1), ML(4,5), ML(4,9), ML(4,13), ML(4,17), ML(4,21), ML(4,25) and ML(4,29) respectively).

Finally the connection topology of the network 100C2 shown in FIG. 1C2 is hereinafter called nearest neighbor connection topology.

In the three embodiments of FIG. 1C, FIG. 1C1 and FIG. 1C2 the connection topology is different. That is the way the links ML(1,1)-ML(1,16), ML(2,1)-ML(2,16), ML(3,1)-ML(3,16), and ML(4,1)-ML(4,16) are connected between the respective stages is different. Even though only three embodiments are illustrated, in general, the network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) can comprise any arbitrary type of connection topology. For example the connection topology of the network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) may be back to back Benes networks, Delta Networks and many more combinations. The applicant notes that the fundamental property of a valid connection topology of the V(N₁,N₂,d,s) network is, when no connections are setup in the network, a connection from any inlet link to any outlet link can be setup. Based on this property numerous embodiments of the network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) can be built. The embodiments of FIG. 1C, FIG. 1C1, and FIG. 1C2 are only three examples of network V(N₁,N₂,d,s).

In the three embodiments of FIG. 1C, FIG. 1C1 and FIG. 1C2, each of the links ML(1,1)-ML(1,32), ML(2,1)-ML(2,16), ML(3,1)-ML(3,16) and ML(4,1)-ML(4,16) are either available for use by a new connection or not available if currently used by an existing connection. The input switches IS1-IS4 are also referred to as the network input ports. The input stage 110 is often referred to as the first stage. The output switches OS1-OS4 are also referred to as the network output ports. The output stage 120 is often referred to as the last stage. The middle stage switches MS(1,1)-MS(1,8), MS(2,1)-MS(2,8), and MS(3,1)-MS(3,8) are referred to as middle switches or middle ports.

In the example illustrated in FIG. 1C (or in FIG. 1C1, or in FIG. 1C2), a fan-out of four is possible to satisfy a multicast connection request if input switch is IS2, but only two switches in middle stage 130 will be used. Similarly, although a fan-out of three is possible for a multicast connection request if the input switch is IS1, again only a fan-out of two is used. The specific middle switches that are chosen in middle stage 130 when selecting a fan-out of two is irrelevant so long as at most two middle switches are selected to ensure that the connection request is satisfied. In essence, limiting the fan-out from input switch to no more than two middle switches permits the network 100C (or 100C1, or 100C2), to be operated in rearrangeably nonblocking manner in accordance with the invention.

The connection request of the type described above can be unicast connection request, a multicast connection request or a broadcast connection request, depending on the example. In case of a unicast connection request, a fan-out of one is used, i.e. a single middle stage switch in middle stage 130 is used to satisfy the request. Moreover, although in the above-described embodiment a limit of two has been placed on the fan-out into the middle stage switches in middle stage 130, the limit can be greater depending on the number of middle stage switches in a network (while maintaining the rearrangeably nonblocking nature of operation of the network for multicast connections). However any arbitrary fan-out may be used within any of the middle stage switches and the output stage switches to satisfy the connection request.

Generalized Asymmetric RNB (N₂>N₁) Embodiments:

Network 100D of FIG. 1D is an example of general asymmetrical multi-stage network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) with (2×log_(d) N₁)−1 stages where N₂>N₁ and N₂=p*N₁ where p>1. In network 100D of FIG. 1D, N₁=N and N₂=p*N. The general asymmetrical multi-stage network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) can be operated in rearrangeably nonblocking manner for multicast when s=2 according to the current invention. Also the general asymmetrical multi-stage network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) can be operated in strictly nonblocking manner for unicast if s=2 according to the current invention. (And in the example of FIG. 1D, s=2). The general asymmetrical multi-stage network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) with (2×log_(d) N₁)−1 stages has d inlet links for each of

$\frac{N_{1}}{d}$ input switches IS1-IS(N₁/d) (for example the links IL1-IL(d) to the input switch IS1) and 2×d outgoing links for each of

$\frac{N_{1}}{d}$ input switches IS1-IS(N₁/d) (for example the links ML(1,1)-ML(1,2d) to the input switch IS1). There are d₂

$\left( {{{where}\mspace{14mu} d_{2}} = {{N_{2} \times \frac{d}{N_{1}}} = {p \times d}}} \right)$ outlet links for each of

$\frac{N_{1}}{d}$ output switches OS1-OS(N₁/d) (for example the links OL1-OL(p*d) to the output switch OS1) and d+d₂ (=d+p×d) incoming links for each of

$\frac{N_{1}}{d}$ output switches OS1-OS(N₁/d) (for example ML(2×Log_(d) N₁−2,1)-ML(2×Log_(d) N₁−2,d+d₂) to the output switch OS1).

Each of the

$\frac{N_{1}}{d}$ input switches IS1-IS(N₁/d) are connected to exactly 2×d switches in middle stage 130 through 2×d links (for example in one embodiment the input switch IS1 is connected to middle switches MS(1,1)-MS(1,d) through the links ML(1,1)-ML(1,d) and to middle switches MS(1,N₁/d+1)-MS(1,{N₁/d}+d) through the links ML(1,d+1)-ML(1,2d) respectively.

Each of the

$2 \times \frac{N_{1}}{d}$ middle switches MS(1,1)-MS(1,2 N₁/d) in the middle stage 130 are connected from exactly d input switches through d links and also are connected to exactly d switches in middle stage 140 through d links.

Similarly each of the

$2 \times \frac{N_{1}}{d}$ middle switches

${{MS}\left( {{{Log}_{d}N_{1}} - {1,1}} \right)} - {{MS}\left( {{{Log}_{d}N_{1}} - {1,2 \times \frac{N_{1}}{d}}} \right)}$ in the middle stage 130+10*(Log_(d) N₁−2) are connected from exactly d switches in middle stage 130+10*(Log_(d) N₁−3) through d links and also are connected to exactly d switches in middle stage 130+10*(Log_(d) N₁−1) through d links.

Similarly each of the

$2 \times \frac{N_{1}}{d}$ middle switches

${{MS}\left( {{2 \times {Log}_{d}N_{1}} - {3,1}} \right)} - {{MS}\left( {{2 \times {Log}_{d}N_{1}} - {3,2 \times \frac{N_{1}}{d}}} \right)}$ in the middle stage 130+10*(2*Log_(d) N₁−4) are connected from exactly d switches in middle stage 130+10*(2*Log_(d) N₁−5) through d links and also are connected to exactly

$\frac{\left( {d + d_{2}} \right)}{2}$ output switches in output stage 120 through d links.

Each of the

$\frac{N_{1}}{d}$ output switches OS1-OS(N₁/d) are connected from exactly d+d₂ switches in middle stage 130+10*(2*Log_(d) N₁−4) through d+d₂ links.

As described before, again the connection topology of a general V(N₁,N₂,d,s) may be any one of the connection topologies. For example the connection topology of the network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) may be back to back inverse Benes networks, back to back Omega networks, back to back Benes networks, Delta Networks and many more combinations. The applicant notes that the fundamental property of a valid connection topology of the general V(N₁,N₂,d,s) network is, when no connections are setup in the network, a connection from any inlet link to any outlet link can be setup. Based on this property numerous embodiments of the network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) can be built. The embodiments of FIG. 1C, FIG. 1C1, and FIG. 1C2 are three examples of network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) for s=2 and N₂>N₁.

The general symmetrical multi-stage network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) can be operated in rearrangeably nonblocking manner for multicast when s=2 according to the current invention. Also the general symmetrical multi-stage network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) can be operated in strictly nonblocking manner for unicast if s=2 according to the current invention.

For example, the network of FIG. 1C shows an exemplary five-stage network, namely V(8,24,2,2), with the following multicast assignment I₁={2,3} and all other I_(j)=φ for j=[2-8]. It should be noted that the connection I₁ fans out in the first stage switch IS1 into middle switches MS(1,1) and MS(1,5) in middle stage 130, and fans out in middle switches MS(1,1) and MS(1,5) only once into middle switches MS(2,1) and MS(2,5) respectively in middle stage 140.

The connection I₁ also fans out in middle switches MS(2,1) and MS(2,5) only once into middle switches MS(3,1) and MS(3,7) respectively in middle stage 150. The connection I₁ also fans out in middle switches MS(3,1) and MS(3,7) only once into output switches OS2 and OS3 in output stage 120. Finally the connection I₁ fans out once in the output stage switch OS2 into outlet link OL7 and in the output stage switch OS3 twice into the outlet links OL13 and OL16. In accordance with the invention, each connection can fan out in the input stage switch into at most two middle stage switches in middle stage 130.

Asymmetric RNB (N₁>N₂) Embodiments:

Referring to FIG. 1E, in one embodiment, an exemplary asymmetrical multi-stage network 100E with five stages of thirty two switches for satisfying communication requests, such as setting up a telephone call or a data call, or a connection between configurable logic blocks, between an input stage 110 and output stage 120 via middle stages 130, 140, and 150 is shown where input stage 110 consists of four, six by eight switches IS1-IS4 and output stage 120 consists of four, four by two switches OS1-OS4. And all the middle stages namely middle stage 130 consists of eight, four by two switches MS(1,1)-MS(1,8), middle stage 140 consists of eight, two by two switches MS(2,1)-MS(2,8), and middle stage 150 consists of eight, two by two switches MS(3,1)-MS(3,8).

Such a network can be operated in strictly non-blocking manner for unicast connections, because the switches in the input stage 110 are of size six by eight, the switches in output stage 120 are of size four by two, and there are eight switches in each of middle stage 130, middle stage 140 and middle stage 150. Such a network can be operated in rearrangeably non-blocking manner for multicast connections, because the switches in the input stage 110 are of size six by eight, the switches in output stage 120 are of size four by two, and there are eight switches of size four by two in middle stage 130, and eight switches of size two by two in middle stage 140 and middle stage 150.

In one embodiment of this network each of the input switches IS1-IS4 and output switches OS1-OS4 are crossbar switches. The number of switches of input stage 110 and of output stage 120 can be denoted in general with the variable

$\frac{N_{2}}{d},$ where N₁ is the total number of inlet links or and N₂ is the total number of outlet links and N₁>N₂ and N₁=p*N₂ where p>1. The number of middle switches in each middle stage is denoted by

$2 \times {\frac{N_{2}}{d}.}$ The size of each input switch IS1-IS4 can be denoted in general with the notation d*(d+d₁) and each output switch OS1-OS4 can be denoted in general with the notation (2×d*d), where

$d_{1} = {{N_{1} \times \frac{d}{N_{2}}} = {p \times {d.}}}$ The size of each switch in any of the middle stages excepting the first middle stage can be denoted as d*d. The size of each switch in the first middle stage can be denoted as

$\frac{\left( {d + d_{1}} \right)}{2}*{d.}$ A switch as used herein can be either a crossbar switch, or a network of switches each of which in turn may be a crossbar switch or a network of switches. An asymmetric multi-stage network can be represented with the notation V(N₁,N₂,d,s), where N₁ represents the total number of inlet links of all input switches (for example the links IL1-IL24), N₂ represents the total number of outlet links of all output switches (for example the links OL1-OL8), d represents the inlet links of each input switch where N₁>N₂, and s is the ratio of number of incoming links to each output switch to the outlet links of each output switch.

Each of the

$\frac{N_{2}}{d}$ input switches IS1-IS4 are connected to exactly d+d₁ switches in middle stage 130 through d+d₁ links (for example input switch IS1 is connected to middle switches MS(1,1), MS(1,2), MS(1,3), MS(1,4), MS(1,5), MS(1,6), MS(1,7), and MS(1,8) through the links ML(1,1), ML(1,2), ML(1,3), ML(1,4), ML(1,5), ML(1,6), ML(1,7), and ML(1,8) respectively).

Each of the

$2 \times \frac{N_{2}}{d}$ middle switches MS(1,1)-MS(1,8) in the middle stage 130 are connected from exactly

$\frac{\left( {d + d_{1}} \right)}{2}$ input switches through

$\frac{\left( {d + d_{1}} \right)}{2}$ links (for example the links ML(1,1), ML(1,9), ML(1,17) and ML(1,25) are connected to the middle switch MS(1,1) from input switch IS1, IS2, IS3, and IS4 respectively) and also are connected to exactly d switches in middle stage 140 through d links (for example the links ML(2,1) and ML(2,2) are connected from middle switch MS(1,1) to middle switch MS(2,1) and MS(2,3) respectively).

Similarly each of the

$2 \times \frac{N_{2}}{d}$ middle switches MS(2,1)-MS(2,8) in the middle stage 140 are connected from exactly d switches in middle stage 130 through d links (for example the links ML(2,1) and ML(2,6) are connected to the middle switch MS(2,1) from middle switches MS(1,1) and MS(1,3) respectively) and also are connected to exactly d switches in middle stage 150 through d links (for example the links ML(3,1) and ML(3,2) are connected from middle switch MS(2,1) to middle switch MS(3,1) and MS(3,3) respectively).

Similarly each of the

$2 \times \frac{N_{2}}{d}$ middle switches MS(3,1)-MS(3,8) in the middle stage 150 are connected from exactly d switches in middle stage 140 through d links (for example the links ML(3,1) and ML(3,6) are connected to the middle switch MS(3,1) from middle switches MS(2,1) and MS(2,3) respectively) and also are connected to exactly d output switches in output stage 120 through d links (for example the links ML(4,1) and ML(4,2) are connected to output switches OS1 and OS2 respectively from middle switches MS(3,1)).

Each of the

$\frac{N_{2}}{d}$ output switches OS1-OS4 are connected from exactly 2×d switches in middle stage 150 through 2×d links (for example output switch OS1 is connected from middle switches MS(3,1), MS(3,2), MS(3,5), and MS(3,6) through the links ML(4,1), ML(4,3), ML(4,9), and ML(4,11) respectively).

Finally the connection topology of the network 100E shown in FIG. 1E is known to be back to back inverse Benes connection topology.

Referring to FIG. 1E1, in another embodiment of network V(N₁,N₂,d,s), an exemplary asymmetrical multi-stage network 100E1 with five stages of thirty two switches for satisfying communication requests, such as setting up a telephone call or a data call, or a connection between configurable logic blocks, between an input stage 110 and output stage 120 via middle stages 130, 140, and 150 is shown where input stage 110 consists of four, six by eight switches IS1-IS4 and output stage 120 consists of four, four by two switches OS1-OS4. And all the middle stages namely middle stage 130 consists of eight, four by two switches MS(1,1)-MS(1,8), middle stage 140 consists of eight, two by two switches MS(2,1)-MS(2,8), and middle stage 150 consists of eight, two by two switches MS(3,1)-MS(3,8).

Such a network can be operated in strictly non-blocking manner for unicast connections, because the switches in the input stage 110 are of size six by eight, the switches in output stage 120 are of size four by two, and there are eight switches in each of middle stage 130, middle stage 140 and middle stage 150. Such a network can be operated in rearrangeably non-blocking manner for multicast connections, because the switches in the input stage 110 are of size six by eight, the switches in output stage 120 are of size four by two, and there are eight switches of size four by two in middle stage 130, and eight switches of size two by two in middle stage 140 and middle stage 150.

In one embodiment of this network each of the input switches IS1-IS4 and output switches OS1-OS4 are crossbar switches. The number of switches of input stage 110 and of output stage 120 can be denoted in general with the variable

$\frac{N_{2}}{d},$ where N₁ is the total number of inlet links or and N₂ is the total number of outlet links and N₁>N₂ and N₁=p*N₂ where p>1. The number of middle switches in each middle stage is denoted by

$2 \times {\frac{N_{2}}{d}.}$ The size of each input switch IS1-IS4 can be denoted in general with the notation d*(d+d₁) and each output switch OS1-OS4 can be denoted in general with the notation (2×d*d), where

$d_{1} = {{N_{1} \times \frac{d}{N_{2}}} = {p \times {d.}}}$ The size of each switch in any of the middle stages excepting the first middle stage can be denoted as d*d. The size of each switch in the first middle stage can be denoted as

$\frac{\left( {d + d_{1}} \right)}{2}*{d.}$ A switch as used herein can be either a crossbar switch, or a network of switches each of which in turn may be a crossbar switch or a network of switches. The asymmetric multi-stage network of FIG. 1E1 is also the network of the type V(N₁,N₂,d,s), where N₁ represents the total number of inlet links of all input switches (for example the links IL1-IL24), N₂ represents the total number of outlet links of all output switches (for example the links OL1-OL8), d represents the inlet links of each input switch where N₁>N₂, and s is the ratio of number of incoming links to each output switch to the outlet links of each output switch.

Each of the

$\frac{N_{2}}{d}$ input switches IS1-IS4 are connected to exactly d+d₁ switches in middle stage 130 through d+d₁ links (for example input switch IS1 is connected to middle switches MS(1,1), MS(1,2), MS(1,3), MS(1,4), MS(1,5), MS(1,6), MS(1,7), and MS(1,8) through the links ML(1,1), ML(1,2), ML(1,3), ML(1,4), ML(1,5), ML(1,6), ML(1,7), and ML(1,8) respectively).

Each of the

$2 \times \frac{N_{2}}{d}$ middle switches MS(1,1)-MS(1,8) in the middle stage 130 are connected from exactly

$\frac{\left( {d + d_{1}} \right)}{2}$ input switches through

$\frac{\left( {d + d_{1}} \right)}{2}$ links (for example the links ML(1,1), ML(1,9), ML(1,17) and ML(1,25) are connected to the middle switch MS(1,1) from input switch IS1, IS2, IS3, and IS4 respectively) and also are connected to exactly d switches in middle stage 140 through d links (for example the links ML(2,1) and ML(2,2) are connected from middle switch MS(1,1) to middle switch MS(2,1) and MS(2,2) respectively).

Similarly each of the

$2 \times \frac{N_{2}}{d}$ middle switches MS(2,1)-MS(2,8) in the middle stage 140 are connected from exactly d switches in middle stage 130 through d links (for example the links ML(2,1) and ML(2,5) are connected to the middle switch MS(2,1) from middle switches MS(1,1) and MS(1,3) respectively) and also are connected to exactly d switches in middle stage 150 through d links (for example the links ML(3,1) and ML(3,2) are connected from middle switch MS(2,1) to middle switch MS(3,1) and MS(3,2) respectively).

Similarly each of the

$2 \times \frac{N_{2}}{d}$ middle switches MS(3,1)-MS(3,8) in the middle stage 150 are connected from exactly d switches in middle stage 140 through d links (for example the links ML(3,1) and ML(3,5) are connected to the middle switch MS(3,1) from middle switches MS(2,1) and MS(2,3) respectively) and also are connected to exactly d output switches in output stage 120 through d links (for example the links ML(4,1) and ML(4,2) are connected to output switches OS1 and OS2 respectively from middle switches MS(3,1)).

Each of the

$\frac{N_{2}}{d}$ Output switches OS1-OS4 are connected from exactly 2×d switches in middle stage 150 through 2×d links (for example output switch OS1 is connected from middle switches MS(3,1), MS(3,3), MS(3,5), and MS(3,7) through the links ML(4,1), ML(4,5), ML(4,9), and ML(4,13) respectively).

Finally the connection topology of the network 100E1 shown in FIG. 1E1 is known to be back to back Omega connection topology.

Referring to FIG. 1E2, in another embodiment of network V(N₁,N₂,d,s), an exemplary asymmetrical multi-stage network 100E2 with five stages of thirty two switches for satisfying communication requests, such as setting up a telephone call or a data call, or a connection between configurable logic blocks, between an input stage 110 and output stage 120 via middle stages 130, 140, and 150 is shown where input stage 110 consists of four, six by eight switches IS1-IS4 and output stage 120 consists of four, four by two switches OS1-OS4. And all the middle stages namely middle stage 130 consists of eight, four by two switches MS(1,1)-MS(1,8), middle stage 140 consists of eight, two by two switches MS(2,1)-MS(2,8), and middle stage 150 consists of eight, two by two switches MS(3,1)-MS(3,8).

Such a network can be operated in strictly non-blocking manner for unicast connections, because the switches in the input stage 110 are of size six by eight, the switches in output stage 120 are of size four by two, and there are eight switches in each of middle stage 130, middle stage 140 and middle stage 150. Such a network can be operated in rearrangeably non-blocking manner for multicast connections, because the switches in the input stage 110 are of size six by eight, the switches in output stage 120 are of size four by two, and there are eight switches of size four by two in middle stage 130, and eight switches of size two by two in middle stage 140 and middle stage 150.

In one embodiment of this network each of the input switches IS1-IS4 and output switches OS1-OS4 are crossbar switches. The number of switches of input stage 110 and of output stage 120 can be denoted in general with the variable

$\frac{N_{2}}{d},$ where N₁ is the total number of inlet links or and N₂ is the total number of outlet links and N₁>N₂ and N₁=p*N₂ where p>1. The number of middle switches in each middle stage is denoted by

$2 \times {\frac{N_{2}}{d}.}$ The size of each input switch IS1-IS4 can be denoted in general with the notation d*(d+d₁) and each output switch OS1-OS4 can be denoted in general with the notation (2×d*d), where

$d_{1} = {{N_{1} \times \frac{d}{N_{2}}} = {p \times {d.}}}$ The size of each switch in any of the middle stages excepting the first middle stage can be denoted as d*d. The size of each switch in the first middle stage can be denoted as

$\frac{\left( {d + d_{1}} \right)}{2}*{d.}$ A switch as used herein can be either a crossbar switch, or a network of switches each of which in turn may be a crossbar switch or a network of switches. The asymmetric multi-stage network of FIG. 1E1 is also the network of the type V(N₁,N₂,d,s), where N₁ represents the total number of inlet links of all input switches (for example the links IL1-IL24), N₂ represents the total number of outlet links of all output switches (for example the links OL1-OL8), d represents the inlet links of each input switch where N₁>N₂, and s is the ratio of number of incoming links to each output switch to the outlet links of each output switch.

Each of the

$\frac{N_{2}}{d}$ input switches IS1-IS4 are connected to exactly d+d₁ switches in middle stage 130 through d+d₁ links (for example input switch IS1 is connected to middle switches MS(1,1), MS(1,2), MS(1,3), MS(1,4), MS(1,5), MS(1,6), MS(1,7), and MS(1,8) through the links ML(1,1), ML(1,2), ML(1,3), ML(1,4), ML(1,5), ML(1,6), ML(1,7), and ML(1,8) respectively).

Each of the

$2 \times \frac{N_{2}}{d}$ middle switches MS(1,1)-MS(1,8) in the middle stage 130 are connected from exactly

$\frac{\left( {d + d_{1}} \right)}{2}$ input switches through

$\frac{\left( {d + d_{1}} \right)}{2}$ links (for example the links ML(1,1), ML(1,9), ML(1,17) and ML(1,25) are connected to the middle switch MS(1,1) from input switch IS1, IS2, IS3, and IS4 respectively) and also are connected to exactly d switches in middle stage 140 through d links (for example the links ML(2,1) and ML(2,2) are connected from middle switch MS(1,1) to middle switch MS(2,1) and MS(2,2) respectively).

Similarly each of the

$2 \times \frac{N_{2}}{d}$ middle switches MS(2,1)-MS(2,8) in the middle stage 140 are connected from exactly d switches in middle stage 130 through d links (for example the links ML(2,1) and ML(2,8) are connected to the middle switch MS(2,1) from middle switches MS(1,1) and MS(1,4) respectively) and also are connected to exactly d switches in middle stage 150 through d links (for example the links ML(3,1) and ML(3,2) are connected from middle switch MS(2,1) to middle switch MS(3,1) and MS(3,2) respectively).

Similarly each of the

$2 \times \frac{N_{2}}{d}$ middle switches MS(3,1)-MS(3,8) in the middle stage 150 are connected from exactly d switches in middle stage 140 through d links (for example the links ML(3,1) and ML(3,8) are connected to the middle switch MS(3,1) from middle switches MS(2,1) and MS(2,4) respectively) and also are connected to exactly d output switches in output stage 120 through d links (for example the links ML(4,1) and ML(4,2) are connected to output switches OS1 and OS2 respectively from middle switches MS(3,1)).

Each of the

$\frac{N_{2}}{d}$ output switches OS1-OS4 are connected from exactly 2×d switches in middle stage 150 through 2×d links (for example output switch OS1 is connected from middle switches MS(3,1), MS(3,4), MS(3,5), and MS(3,8) through the links ML(4,1), ML(4,8), ML(4,9), and ML(4,16) respectively).

Finally the connection topology of the network 100E2 shown in FIG. 1E2 is hereinafter called nearest neighbor connection topology.

In the three embodiments of FIG. 1E, FIG. 1E1 and FIG. 1E2 the connection topology is different. That is the way the links ML(1,1)-ML(1,32), ML(2,1)-ML(2,16), ML(3,1)-ML(3,16), and ML(4,1)-ML(4,16) are connected between the respective stages is different. Even though only three embodiments are illustrated, in general, the network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) can comprise any arbitrary type of connection topology. For example the connection topology of the network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) may be back to back Benes networks, Delta Networks and many more combinations. The applicant notes that the fundamental property of a valid connection topology of the V(N₁,N₂,d,s) network is, when no connections are setup in the network, a connection from any inlet link to any outlet link can be setup. Based on this property numerous embodiments of the network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) can be built. The embodiments of FIG. 1E, FIG. 1E1, and FIG. 1E2 are only three examples of network V(N₁,N₂,d,s).

In the three embodiments of FIG. 1E, FIG. 1E1 and FIG. 1E2, each of the links ML(1,1)-ML(1,32), ML(2,1)-ML(2,16), ML(3,1)-ML(3,16) and ML(4,1)-ML(4,16) are either available for use by a new connection or not available if currently used by an existing connection. The input switches IS1-IS4 are also referred to as the network input ports. The input stage 110 is often referred to as the first stage. The output switches OS1-OS4 are also referred to as the network output ports. The output stage 120 is often referred to as the last stage. The middle stage switches MS(1,1)-MS(1,8), MS(2,1)-MS(2,8), and MS(3,1)-MS(3,8) are referred to as middle switches or middle ports.

In the example illustrated in FIG. 1E (or in FIG. 1E1, or in FIG. 1E2), a fan-out of four is possible to satisfy a multicast connection request if input switch is IS2, but only two switches in middle stage 130 will be used. Similarly, although a fan-out of three is possible for a multicast connection request if the input switch is IS1, again only a fan-out of two is used. The specific middle switches that are chosen in middle stage 130 when selecting a fan-out of two is irrelevant so long as at most two middle switches are selected to ensure that the connection request is satisfied. In essence, limiting the fan-out from input switch to no more than two middle switches permits the network 100E (or 100E1, or 100E2), to be operated in rearrangeably nonblocking manner in accordance with the invention.

The connection request of the type described above can be unicast connection request, a multicast connection request or a broadcast connection request, depending on the example. In case of a unicast connection request, a fan-out of one is used, i.e. a single middle stage switch in middle stage 130 is used to satisfy the request. Moreover, although in the above-described embodiment a limit of two has been placed on the fan-out into the middle stage switches in middle stage 130, the limit can be greater depending on the number of middle stage switches in a network (while maintaining the rearrangeably nonblocking nature of operation of the network for multicast connections).

However any arbitrary fan-out may be used within any of the middle stage switches and the output stage switches to satisfy the connection request.

Generalized Asymmetric RNB (N₁>N₂) Embodiments:

Network 100F of FIG. 1F is an example of general asymmetrical multi-stage network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) with (2×log_(d) N₂)−1 stages where N₁>N₂ and N₁=p*N₂ where p>1. In network 100D of FIG. 1F, N₂=N and N₁=p*N. The general asymmetrical multi-stage network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) can be operated in rearrangeably nonblocking manner for multicast when s=2 according to the current invention. Also the general asymmetrical multi-stage network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) can be operated in strictly nonblocking manner for unicast if s=2 according to the current invention. (And in the example of FIG. 1F, s=2). The general asymmetrical multi-stage network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) with (2×log_(d) N₂)−1 stages has d₁ (where

$d_{1} = {{N_{1} \times \frac{d}{N_{2}}} = {p \times d}}$ inlet links for each of

$\frac{N_{2}}{d}$ input switches IS1-IS(N₂/d) (for example the links IL1-IL(p*d) to the input switch IS1) and d+d₁ (=d+p×d) outgoing links for each of

$\frac{N_{2}}{d}$ input switches IS1-IS(N₂/d) (for example the links ML(1,1)-ML(1,(d+p*d)) to the input switch IS1). There are d outlet links for each of

$\frac{N_{2}}{d}$ output switches OS1-OS(N₂/d) (for example the links OL1-OL(d) to the output switch OS1) and 2×d incoming links for each of

$\frac{N_{2}}{d}$ output switches OS1-OS(N₂/d) (for example ML(2×Log_(d) N₂−2,1)-ML(2×Log_(d) N₂−2,2×d) to the output switch OS1).

Each of the

$\frac{N_{2}}{d}$ input switches IS1-IS(N₂/d) are connected to exactly d+d₁ switches in middle stage 130 through d+d₁ links (for example in one embodiment the input switch IS1 is connected to middle switches MS(1,1)-MS(1, (d+d₁)/2) through the links ML(1,1)-ML(1,(d+d₁)/2) and to middle switches MS(1,N₁/d+1)-MS(1,{N₁/d}+(d+d₁)/2) through the links ML(1, ((d+d₁)/2)+1)-ML(1, (d+d₁)) respectively.

Each of the

$2 \times \frac{N_{2}}{d}$ middle switches MS(1,1)-MS(1,2*N₂/d) in the middle stage 130 are connected from exactly d input switches through d links and also are connected to exactly d switches in middle stage 140 through d links.

Similarly each of the

$2 \times \frac{N_{2}}{d}$ middle switches

${{MS}\left( {{{{Log}_{d}N_{2}} - 1},1} \right)} - {{MS}\left( {{{{Log}_{d}N_{2}} - 1},{2 \times \frac{N_{2}}{d}}} \right)}$ in the middle stage 130+10*(Log_(d) N₂−2) are connected from exactly d switches in middle stage 130+10*(Log_(d) N₂−3) through d links and also are connected to exactly d switches in middle stage 130+10*(Log_(d) N₂−1) through d links.

Similarly each of the

$2 \times \frac{N_{2}}{d}$ middle switches

${{MS}\left( {{{2 \times {Log}_{d}N_{2}} - 3},1} \right)} - {{MS}\left( {{{2 \times {Log}_{d}N_{2}} - 3},{2 \times \frac{N_{2}}{d}}} \right)}$ in the middle stage 130+10*(2*Log_(d) N₂−4) are connected from exactly d switches in middle stage 130+10*(2*Log_(d) N₂−5) through d links and also are connected to exactly d output switches in output stage 120 through d links.

Each of the

$\frac{N_{2}}{d}$ output switches OS1-OS(N₂/d) are connected from exactly 2×d switches in middle stage 130+10*(2*Log_(d) N₂−4) through 2×d links.

As described before, again the connection topology of a general V(N₁,N₂,d,s) may be any one of the connection topologies. For example the connection topology of the network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) may be back to back inverse Benes networks, back to back Omega networks, back to back Benes networks, Delta Networks and many more combinations. The applicant notes that the fundamental property of a valid connection topology of the general V(N₁,N₂,d,s) network is, when no connections are setup in the network, a connection from any inlet link to any outlet link can be setup. Based on this property numerous embodiments of the network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) can be built. The embodiments of FIG. 1E, FIG. 1E1, and FIG. 1E2 are three examples of network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) for s=2 and N₁>N₂.

The general symmetrical multi-stage network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) can be operated in rearrangeably nonblocking manner for multicast when s=2 according to the current invention. Also the general symmetrical multi-stage network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) can be operated in strictly nonblocking manner for unicast if s=2 according to the current invention.

For example, the network of FIG. 1E shows an exemplary five-stage network, namely V(24,8,2,2), with the following multicast assignment I₁={2,3} and all other I_(j)=φ for j=[2-8]. It should be noted that the connection I₁ fans out in the first stage switch IS1 into middle switches MS(1,1) and MS(1,5) in middle stage 130, and fans out in middle switches MS(1,1) and MS(1,5) only once into middle switches MS(2,1) and MS(2,5) respectively in middle stage 140.

The connection I₁ also fans out in middle switches MS(2,1) and MS(2,5) only once into middle switches MS(3,1) and MS(3,7) respectively in middle stage 150. The connection I₁ also fans out in middle switches MS(3,1) and MS(3,7) only once into output switches OS2 and OS3 in output stage 120. Finally the connection I₁ fans out once in the output stage switch OS2 into outlet link OL3 and in the output stage switch OS3 twice into the outlet links OL5 and OL6. In accordance with the invention, each connection can fan out in the input stage switch into at most two middle stage switches in middle stage 130.

Symmetric SNB Embodiments:

Referring to FIG. 2C, FIG. 2C1, and FIG. 2C2, three exemplary symmetrical multi-stage networks 200C, 200C1, and 200C2 respectively with five stages of forty four switches for satisfying communication requests, such as setting up a telephone call or a data call, or a connection between configurable logic blocks, between an input stage 110 and output stage 120 via middle stages 130, 140, and 150 is shown where input stage 110 consists of four, two by six switches IS1-IS4 and output stage 120 consists of four, six by two switches OS1-OS4. And all the middle stages namely middle stage 130 consists of twelve, two by two switches MS(1,1)-MS(1,12), middle stage 140 consists of twelve, two by two switches MS(2,1)-MS(2,12), and middle stage 150 consists of twelve, two by two switches MS(3,1)-MS(3,12).

Such a network can be operated in strictly nonblocking manner for multicast connections, because the switches in the input stage 110 are of size two by six, the switches in output stage 120 are of size six by two, and there are twelve switches in each of middle stage 130, middle stage 140 and middle stage 150.

In one embodiment of this network each of the input switches IS1-IS4 and output switches OS1-OS4 are crossbar switches. The number of switches of input stage 110 and of output stage 120 can be denoted in general with the variable

$\frac{N}{d},$ where N is the total number of inlet links or outlet links The number of middle switches in each middle stage is denoted by

$3 \times {\frac{N}{d}.}$ The size of each input switch IS1-IS4 can be denoted in general with the notation d*3d and each output switch OS1-OS4 can be denoted in general with the notation 3d*d. Likewise, the size of each switch in any of the middle stages can be denoted as d*d. A switch as used herein can be either a crossbar switch, or a network of switches each of which in turn may be a crossbar switch or a network of switches. A symmetric multi-stage network can be represented with the notation V(N,d,s), where N represents the total number of inlet links of all input switches (for example the links IL1-IL8), d represents the inlet links of each input switch or outlet links of each output switch, and s is the ratio of number of outgoing links from each input switch to the inlet links of each input switch. Although it is not necessary that there be the same number of inlet links IL1-IL8 as there are outlet links OL1-OL8, in a symmetrical network they are the same.

Each of the

$\frac{N}{d}$ input switches IS1-IS4 are connected to exactly 3×d switches in middle stage 130 through 3×d links (for example in FIG. 2A, input switch IS1 is connected to middle switches MS(1,1), MS(1,2), MS(1,5), MS(1,6), MS(1,9) and MS(1,10) through the links ML(1,1), ML(1,2), ML(1,3), ML(1,4), ML(1,5) and ML(1,6) respectively).

Each of the

$3 \times \frac{N}{d}$ middle switches MS(1,1)-MS(1,12) in the middle stage 130 are connected from exactly d input switches through d links (for example in FIG. 2A, the links ML(1,1) and ML(1,7) are connected to the middle switch MS(1,1) from input switch IS1 and IS2 respectively) and also are connected to exactly d switches in middle stage 140 through d links (for example the links ML(2,1) and ML(2,2) are connected from middle switch MS(1,1) to middle switch MS(2,1) and MS(2,3) respectively).

Similarly each of the

$3 \times \frac{N}{d}$ middle switches MS(2,1)-MS(2,12) in the middle stage 140 are connected from exactly d switches in middle stage 130 through d links (for example the links ML(2,1) and ML(2,6) are connected to the middle switch MS(2,1) from middle switches MS(1,1) and MS(1,3) respectively) and also are connected to exactly d switches in middle stage 150 through d links (for example the links ML(3,1) and ML(3,2) are connected from middle switch MS(2,1) to middle switch MS(3,1) and MS(3,3) respectively).

Similarly each of the

$3 \times \frac{N}{d}$ middle switches MS(3,1)-MS(3,12) in the middle stage 150 are connected from exactly d switches in middle stage 140 through d links (for example the links ML(3,1) and ML(3,6) are connected to the middle switch MS(3,1) from middle switches MS(2,1) and MS(2,3) respectively) and also are connected to exactly d output switches in output stage 120 through d links (for example the links ML(4,1) and ML(4,2) are connected to output switches OS1 and OS2 respectively from middle switch MS(3,1)).

Each of the

$\frac{N}{d}$ output switches OS1-OS4 are connected from exactly 3×d switches in middle stage 150 through 3×d links (for example output switch OS1 is connected from middle switches MS(3,1), MS(3,2), MS(3,5), MS(3,6), MS(3,9) and MS(3,10) through the links ML(4,1), ML(4,3), ML(4,9), ML(4,11), ML(4,17) and ML(4,19) respectively).

Finally the connection topology of the network 200A shown in FIG. 2A is known to be back to back inverse Benes connection topology; the connection topology of the network 200A1 shown in FIG. 2A1 is known to be back to back Omega connection topology; and the connection topology of the network 200A2 shown in FIG. 2A2 is hereinafter called nearest neighbor connection topology.

In the three embodiments of FIG. 2A, FIG. 2A1 and FIG. 2A2 the connection topology is different. That is the way the links ML(1,1)-ML(1,24), ML(2,1)-ML(2,24), ML(3,1)-ML(3,24), and ML(4,1)-ML(4,24) are connected between the respective stages is different. Even though only three embodiments are illustrated, in general, the network V(N,d,s) can comprise any arbitrary type of connection topology. For example the connection topology of the network V(N,d,s) may be back to back Benes networks, Delta Networks and many more combinations. The applicant notes that the fundamental property of a valid connection topology of the V(N,d,s) network is, when no connections are setup in the network, a connection from any inlet link to any outlet link can be setup. Based on this property numerous embodiments of the network V(N,d,s) can be built. The embodiments of FIG. 2A, FIG. 2A1, and FIG. 2A2 are only three examples of network V(N,d,s).

In the three embodiments of FIG. 2A, FIG. 2A1 and FIG. 2A2, each of the links ML(1,1)-ML(1,24), ML(2,1)-ML(2,24), ML(3,1)-ML(3,24) and ML(4,1)-ML(4,24) are either available for use by a new connection or not available if currently used by an existing connection. The input switches IS1-IS4 are also referred to as the network input ports. The input stage 110 is often referred to as the first stage. The output switches OS1-OS4 are also referred to as the network output ports. The output stage 120 is often referred to as the last stage. The middle stage switches MS(1,1)-MS(1,12), MS(2,1)-MS(2,12), and MS(3,1)-MS(3,12) are referred to as middle switches or middle ports.

In the example illustrated in FIG. 2A, FIG. 2A1, and 2A2, a fan-out of four is possible to satisfy a multicast connection request if input switch is IS2, but only two middle switches in middle stage 130 will be used. Similarly, although a fan-out of three is possible for a multicast connection request if the input switch is IS1, again only a fan-out of two is used. The specific middle switches that are chosen in middle stage 130 when selecting a fan-out of two is irrelevant so long as at most two middle switches are selected to ensure that the connection request is satisfied. In essence, limiting the fan-out from input switch to no more than two middle switches permits the network 200A (or 200A1, or 200A2), to be operated in rearrangeably nonblocking manner in accordance with the invention.

The connection request of the type described above can be unicast connection request, a multicast connection request or a broadcast connection request, depending on the example. In case of a unicast connection request, a fan-out of one is used, i.e. a single middle stage switch in middle stage 130 is used to satisfy the request. Moreover, although in the above-described embodiment a limit of two has been placed on the fan-out into the middle stage switches in middle stage 130, the limit can be greater depending on the number of middle stage switches in a network (while maintaining the strictly nonblocking nature of operation of the network for multicast connections). However any arbitrary fan-out may be used within any of the middle stage switches and the output stage switches to satisfy the connection request.

Generalized SNB Embodiments:

Network 200B of FIG. 2B1 is an example of general symmetrical multi-stage network V(N,d,s) with (2×log_(d) N)−1 stages. Network 200B of FIG. 2B1 contains three different copies of the network 200B2 in FIG. 2B2. The general symmetrical multi-stage network V(N,d,s) can be operated in strictly nonblocking manner for multicast when s=3 according to the current invention (and in the example of FIG. 2B1, s=3). The general symmetrical multi-stage network V(N,d,s) with (2×log_(d) N)−1 stages has d inlet links for each of

$\frac{N}{d}$ input switches IS1-IS(N/d) (for example the links IL1-IL(d) to the input switch IS1) and 3×d outgoing links for each of

$\frac{N}{d}$ input switches IS1-IS(N/d) (for example the links ML(1,1)-ML(1,3d) to the input switch IS1). There are d outlet links for each of

$\frac{N}{d}$ output switches OS1-OS(N/d) (for example the links OL1-OL(d) to the output switch OS1) and 3×d incoming links for each of

$\frac{N}{d}$ output switches OS1-OS(N/d) (for example ML(2×Log_(d) N−2,1)-ML(2×Log_(d) N−2,3×d) to the output switch OS1).

Each of the

$\frac{N}{d}$ input switches IS1-IS(N/d) are connected to exactly 3×d switches in middle stage 130 through 3×d links.

Each of the

$3 \times \frac{N}{d}$ middle switches MS(1,1)-MS(1,3N/d) in the middle stage 130 are connected from exactly d input switches through d links and also are connected to exactly d switches in middle stage 140 through d links.

Similarly each of the

$3 \times \frac{N}{d}$ middle switches

${{MS}\left( {{{{Log}_{d}N} - 1},1} \right)} - {{MS}\left( {{{{Log}_{d}N} - 1},{3 \times \frac{N}{d}}} \right)}$ in the middle stage 130+10*(Log_(d) N−2) are connected from exactly d switches in middle stage 130+10*(Log_(d) N−3) through d links and also are connected to exactly d switches in middle stage 130+10*(Log_(d) N−1) through d links.

Similarly each of the

$3 \times \frac{N}{d}$ middle switches

${{MS}\left( {{{2 \times {Log}_{d}N} - 3},1} \right)} - {{MS}\left( {{{2 \times {Log}_{d}N} - 3},{3 \times \frac{N}{d}}} \right)}$ in the middle stage 130+10*(2*Log_(d) N−4) are connected from exactly d switches in middle stage 130+10*(2*Log_(d) N−5) through d links and also are connected to exactly d output switches in output stage 120 through d links.

Each of the

$\frac{N}{d}$ output switches OS1-OS(N/d) are connected from exactly 3×d switches in middle stage 130+10*(2*Log_(d) N−4) through 3×d links.

The general symmetrical multi-stage network V(N,d,s) can be operated in strictly nonblocking manner for multicast when s=3 according to the current invention.

To characterize a multicast assignment, for each inlet link

${i \in \left\{ {1,2,\ldots\mspace{14mu},\frac{N}{d}} \right\}},$ let I_(i)=O, where

${O \Subset \left\{ {1,2,\ldots\mspace{14mu},\frac{N}{d}} \right\}},$ denote the subset of output switches to which inlet link i is to be connected in the multicast assignment. For example, the network of FIG. 2A shows an exemplary five-stage network, namely V(8,2,3), with the following multicast assignment I₁={1,3} and all other I₁=0 for j=[2-8]. It should be noted that the connection I₁ fans out in the first stage switch IS1 into middle switches MS(1,2) and MS(1,5) in middle stage 130, and fans out in middle switches MS(1,2) and MS(1,5) only once into middle switches MS(2,2) and MS(2,5) respectively in middle stage 140.

The connection I₁ also fans out in middle switches MS(2,2) and MS(2,5) only once into middle switches MS(3,2) and MS(3,7) respectively in middle stage 150. The connection I₁ also fans out in middle switches MS(3,2) and MS(3,7) only once into output switches OS1 and OS3 in output stage 120. Finally the connection I₁ fans out once in the output stage switch OS1 into outlet link OL1 and in the output stage switch OS3 twice into the outlet links OL5 and OL6. In accordance with the invention, each connection can fan out in the input stage switch into at most two middle switches in middle stage 130.

Asymmetric SNB (N₂>N₁) Embodiments:

Referring to FIG. 2C, FIG. 2C1, and FIG. 2C2, three exemplary symmetrical multi-stage networks 200C, 200C1, and 200C2 respectively with five stages of forty four switches for satisfying communication requests, such as setting up a telephone call or a data call, or a connection between configurable logic blocks, between an input stage 110 and output stage 120 via middle stages 130, 140, and 150 is shown where input stage 110 consists of four, two by six switches IS1-IS4 and output stage 120 consists of four, twelve by six switches OS1-OS4. And all the middle stages namely middle stage 130 consists of twelve, two by two switches MS(1,1)-MS(1,12), middle stage 140 consists of twelve, two by two switches MS(2,1)-MS(2,12), and middle stage 150 consists of twelve, two by four switches MS(3,1)-MS(3,12).

Such a network can be operated in strictly nonblocking manner for multicast connections, because the switches in the input stage 110 are of size two by six, the switches in output stage 120 are of size twelve by six, and there are twelve switches in each of middle stage 130, middle stage 140 and middle stage 150.

In one embodiment of this network each of the input switches IS1-IS4 and output switches OS1-OS4 are crossbar switches. The number of switches of input stage 110 and of output stage 120 can be denoted in general with the variable

$\frac{N_{1}}{d},$ where N₁ is the total number of inlet links or and N₂ is the total number of outlet links and N₂>N₁ and N₂=p*N₁ where p>1. The number of middle switches in each middle stage is denoted by

$3 \times {\frac{N_{1}}{d}.}$ The size of each input switch IS1-IS4 can be denoted in general with the notation d*3d and each output switch OS1-OS4 can be denoted in general with the notation (2d+d₂)*d , where

$d_{2} = {{N_{2} \times \frac{d}{N_{1}}} = {p \times {d.}}}$ The size of each switch in any of the middle stages excepting the last middle stage can be denoted as d*d. The size of each switch in the last middle stage can be denoted as

$d*{\frac{\left( {{2\; d} + d_{2}} \right)}{3}.}$ (Throughout the current invention, a fraction is rounded to the nearest higher integer). A switch as used herein can be either a crossbar switch, or a network of switches each of which in turn may be a crossbar switch or a network of switches. An asymmetric multi-stage network can be represented with the notation V(N₁,N₂,d,s), where N₁ represents the total number of inlet links of all input switches (for example the links IL1-IL8), N₂ represents the total number of outlet links of all output switches (for example the links OL1-OL24), d represents the inlet links of each input switch where N₂>N₁, and s is the ratio of number of outgoing links from each input switch to the inlet links of each input switch.

Each of the

$\frac{N_{1}}{d}$ input switches IS1-IS4 are connected to exactly 3×d switches in middle stage 130 through 3×d links (for example in FIG. 2C, input switch IS1 is connected to middle switches MS(1,1), MS(1,2), MS(1,5), MS(1,6), MS(1,9) and MS(1,10) through the links ML(1,1), ML(1,2), ML(1,3), ML(1,4), ML(1,5) and ML(1,6) respectively).

Each of the

$3 \times \frac{N_{1}}{d}$ middle switches MS(1,1)-MS(1,12) in the middle stage 130 are connected from exactly d input switches through d links (for example in FIG. 2C, the links ML(1,1) and ML(1,7) are connected to the middle switch MS(1,1) from input switch IS1 and IS2 respectively) and also are connected to exactly d switches in middle stage 140 through d links (for example the links ML(2,1) and ML(2,2) are connected from middle switch MS(1,1) to middle switch MS(2,1) and MS(2,3) respectively).

Similarly each of the

$3 \times \frac{N_{1}}{d}$ middle switches MS(2,1)-MS(2,12) in the middle stage 140 are connected from exactly d switches in middle stage 130 through d links (for example the links ML(2,1) and ML(2,6) are connected to the middle switch MS(2,1) from middle switches MS(1,1) and MS(1,3) respectively) and also are connected to exactly d switches in middle stage 150 through d links (for example the links ML(3,1) and ML(3,2) are connected from middle switch MS(2,1) to middle switch MS(3,1) and MS(3,3) respectively).

Similarly each of the

$3 \times \frac{N_{1}}{d}$ middle switches MS(3,1)-MS(3,12) in the middle stage 150 are connected from exactly d switches in middle stage 140 through d links (for example the links ML(3,1) and ML(3,6) are connected to the middle switch MS(3,1) from middle switches MS(2,1) and MS(2,3) respectively) and also are connected to exactly

$\frac{\left( {{2\; d} + d_{2}} \right)}{3}$ output switches in output stage 120 through

$\frac{\left( {{2\; d} + d_{2}} \right)}{3}$ links (for example the links ML(4,1), ML(4,2), ML(4,3), and ML(4,4) are connected to output switches OS1, OS2, OS3, and OS4 respectively from middle switch MS(3,1)).

Each of the

$\frac{N_{1}}{d}$ output switches OS1-OS4 are connected from exactly 2d+d₂ switches in middle stage 150 through 2d+d₂ links (for example output switch OS1 is connected from middle switches MS(3,1), MS(3,2), MS(3,3), MS(3,4), MS(3,5), MS(3,6), MS(3,7), MS(3,8), MS(3,9), MS(3,10), MS(3,11), and MS(3,12) through the links ML(4,1), ML(4,5), ML(4,9), ML(4,13), ML(4,17), ML(4,21), ML(4,25), ML(4,29), ML(4,33), ML(4,37), ML(4,41), and ML(4,45) respectively).

Finally the connection topology of the network 200C shown in FIG. 2C is known to be back to back inverse Benes connection topology; the connection topology of the network 200C1 shown in FIG. 2C1 is known to be back to back Omega connection topology; and the connection topology of the network 200C2 shown in FIG. 2C2 is hereinafter called nearest neighbor connection topology.

In the three embodiments of FIG. 2C, FIG. 2C1 and FIG. 2C2 the connection topology is different. That is the way the links ML(1,1)-ML(1,24), ML(2,1)-ML(2,24), ML(3,1)-ML(3,24), and ML(4,1)-ML(4,48) are connected between the respective stages is different. Even though only three embodiments are illustrated, in general, the network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) can comprise any arbitrary type of connection topology. For example the connection topology of the network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) may be back to back Benes networks, Delta Networks and many more combinations. The applicant notes that the fundamental property of a valid connection topology of the V(N₁,N₂,d,s) network is, when no connections are setup in the network, a connection from any inlet link to any outlet link can be setup. Based on this property numerous embodiments of the network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) can be built. The embodiments of FIG. 2C, FIG. 2C1, and FIG. 2C2 are only three examples of network V(N₁,N₂,d,s).

In the three embodiments of FIG. 2C, FIG. 2C1 and FIG. 2C2, each of the links ML(1,1)-ML(1,24), ML(2,1)-ML(2,24), ML(3,1)-ML(3,24) and ML(4,1)-ML(4,48) are either available for use by a new connection or not available if currently used by an existing connection. The input switches IS1-IS4 are also referred to as the network input ports. The input stage 110 is often referred to as the first stage. The output switches OS1-OS4 are also referred to as the network output ports. The output stage 120 is often referred to as the last stage. The middle stage switches MS(1,1)-MS(1,12), MS(2,1)-MS(2,12), and MS(3,1)-MS(3,12) are referred to as middle switches or middle ports.

In the example illustrated in FIG. 2C, FIG. 2C1, and 2C2, a fan-out of four is possible to satisfy a multicast connection request if input switch is IS2, but only two middle switches in middle stage 130 will be used. Similarly, although a fan-out of three is possible for a multicast connection request if the input switch is IS1, again only a fan-out of two is used. The specific middle switches that are chosen in middle stage 130 when selecting a fan-out of two is irrelevant so long as at most two middle switches are selected to ensure that the connection request is satisfied. In essence, limiting the fan-out from input switch to no more than two middle switches permits the network 200C (or 200C1, or 200C2), to be operated in rearrangeably nonblocking manner in accordance with the invention.

The connection request of the type described above can be unicast connection request, a multicast connection request or a broadcast connection request, depending on the example. In case of a unicast connection request, a fan-out of one is used, i.e. a single middle stage switch in middle stage 130 is used to satisfy the request. Moreover, although in the above-described embodiment a limit of two has been placed on the fan-out into the middle stage switches in middle stage 130, the limit can be greater depending on the number of middle stage switches in a network (while maintaining the strictly nonblocking nature of operation of the network for multicast connections). However any arbitrary fan-out may be used within any of the middle stage switches and the output stage switches to satisfy the connection request.

Generalized Asymmetric SNB (N₂>N₁) Embodiments:

Network 200D of FIG. 2D1 is an example of general symmetrical multi-stage network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) with (2×log_(d) N)−1 stages where N₂>N₁ and N₂=p*N₁ where p>1. In network 200D of FIG. 2D, N₁=N and N₂=p*N. Network 200D of FIG. 2D1 contains three different copies of the network 200D2 in FIG. 2D2. The general asymmetrical multi-stage network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) can be operated in strictly nonblocking manner for multicast when s=3 according to the current invention (and in the example of FIG. 2D1, s=3). The general asymmetrical multi-stage network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) with (2×log_(d) N)−1 stages has d inlet links for each of

$\frac{N_{1}}{d}$ input switches IS1-IS(N₁/d) (for example the links IL1-IL(d) to the input switch IS1) and 3×d outgoing links for each of

$\frac{N_{1}}{d}$ input switches IS1-IS(N₁/d) (for example the links ML(1,1)-ML(1,3d) to the input switch IS1). There are d₂ (where

$\left( {{{where}\mspace{14mu} d_{2}} = {{N_{2} \times \frac{d}{N_{1}}} = {p \times d}}} \right)$ outlet links for each of

$\frac{N_{1}}{d}$ output switches OS1-OS(N₁/d) (for example the links OL1-OL(p*d) to the output switch OS1) and 2d+d₂ (=2d+p×d) incoming links for each of

$\frac{N_{1}}{d}$ output switches OS1-OS(N₁/d) (for example ML(2×Log_(d) N₁−2,1)-ML(2×Log_(d) N₁−2,2d+d₂) to the output switch OS1).

Each of the

$\frac{N_{1}}{d}$ input switches IS1-IS(N₁/d) are connected to exactly 3×d switches in middle stage 130 through 3×d links.

Each of the

$3 \times \frac{N_{1}}{d}$ middle switches MS(1,1)-MS(1,3 N₁/d) in the middle stage 130 are connected from exactly d input switches through d links and also are connected to exactly d switches in middle stage 140 through d links.

Similarly each of the

$3 \times \frac{N_{1}}{d}$ middle switches

${{MS}\left( {{{{Log}_{d}N_{1}} - 1},1} \right)} - {{MS}\left( {{{{Log}_{d}N_{1}} - 1},{3 \times \frac{N_{1}}{d}}} \right)}$ in the middle stage 130+10*(Log_(d) N₁−2) are connected from exactly d switches in middle stage 130+10*(Log_(d) N₁−3) through d links and also are connected to exactly d switches in middle stage 130+10*(Log_(d) N₁−1) through d links.

Similarly each of the

$3 \times \frac{N_{1}}{d}$ middle switches

${{MS}\left( {{{2 \times {Log}_{d}N_{1}} - 3},1} \right)} - {{MS}\left( {{{2 \times {Log}_{d}N_{1}} - 3},{3 \times \frac{N_{1}}{d}}} \right)}$ in the middle stage 130+10*(2*Log_(d) N₁−4) are connected from exactly d switches in middle stage 130+10*(2*Log_(d) N₁−5) through d links and also are connected to exactly

$\frac{{2d} + d_{2}}{3}$ output switches in output stage 120 through

$\frac{{2d} + d_{2}}{3}$ links.

Each of the

$\frac{N_{1}}{d}$ output switches OS1-OS(N₁/d) are connected from exactly 2d+d₂ switches in middle stage 130+10*(2*Log_(d) N₁−4) through 2d+d₂ links.

The general symmetrical multi-stage network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) can be operated in rearrangeably nonblocking manner for multicast when s=3 according to the current invention.

For example, the network of FIG. 2C shows an exemplary five-stage network, namely V(8,2,3), with the following multicast assignment I₁={2,3} and all other I_(j)=φ for j=[2-8]. It should be noted that the connection I₁ fans out in the first stage switch IS1 into middle switches MS(1,2) and MS(1,5) in middle stage 130, and fans out in middle switches MS(1,2) and MS(1,5) only once into middle switches MS(2,4) and MS(2,5) respectively in middle stage 140.

The connection I₁ also fans out in middle switches MS(2,4) and MS(2,5) only once into middle switches MS(3,4) and MS(3,7) respectively in middle stage 150. The connection I₁ also fans out in middle switches MS(3,4) and MS(3,7) only once into output switches OS2 and OS3 in output stage 120. Finally the connection I₁ fans out once in the output stage switch OS1 into outlet link OL7 and in the output stage switch OS3 twice into the outlet links OL13 and OL16. In accordance with the invention, each connection can fan out in the input stage switch into at most two middle switches in middle stage 130.

Asymmetric SNB (N₁>N₂) Embodiments:

Referring to FIG. 2E, FIG. 2E1, and FIG. 2E2, three exemplary symmetrical multi-stage networks 200E, 200E1, and 200E2 respectively with five stages of forty four switches for satisfying communication requests, such as setting up a telephone call or a data call, or a connection between configurable logic blocks, between an input stage 110 and output stage 120 via middle stages 130, 140, and 150 is shown where input stage 110 consists of four, six by twelve switches IS1-IS4 and output stage 120 consists of four, six by two switches OS1-OS4. And all the middle stages namely middle stage 130 consists of twelve, four by two switches MS(1,1)-MS(1,12), middle stage 140 consists of twelve, two by two switches MS(2,1)-MS(2,12), and middle stage 150 consists of twelve, two by two switches MS(3,1)-MS(3,12).

Such a network can be operated in strictly nonblocking manner for multicast connections, because the switches in the input stage 110 are of size six by twelve, the switches in output stage 120 are of size six by two, and there are twelve switches in each of middle stage 130, middle stage 140 and middle stage 150.

In one embodiment of this network each of the input switches IS1-IS4 and output switches OS1-OS4 are crossbar switches. The number of switches of input stage 110 and of output stage 120 can be denoted in general with the variable

$\frac{N_{2}}{d},$ where N₁ is the total number of inlet links or and N₂ is the total number of outlet links and N₁>N₂ and N₁=p*N₂ where p>1. The number of middle switches in each middle stage is denoted by

$3 \times {\frac{N_{2}}{d}.}$ The size of each input switch IS1-IS4 can be denoted in general with the notation d*(2d+d₁), where

$d_{1} = {{N_{1} \times \frac{d}{N_{2}}} = {p \times d}}$ and each output switch OS1-OS4 can be denoted in general with the notation 3d*d. The size of each switch in any of the middle stages excepting the last middle stage can be denoted as d*d. The size of each switch in the last middle stage can be denoted as

$\frac{\left( {{2d} + d_{1}} \right)}{3}*{d.}$ (Throughout the current invention, a fraction is rounded to the nearest higher integer). A switch as used herein can be either a crossbar switch, or a network of switches each of which in turn may be a crossbar switch or a network of switches. An asymmetric multi-stage network can be represented with the notation V(N₁,N₂,d,s), where N₁ represents the total number of inlet links of all input switches (for example the links IL1-IL24), N₂ represents the total number of outlet links of all output switches (for example the links OL1-OL8), d represents the inlet links of each input switch where N₁>N₂, and s is the ratio of number of incoming links to each output switch to the outlet links of each output switch.

Each of the

$\frac{N_{2}}{d}$ input switches IS1-IS4 are connected to exactly 2d+d₁ switches in middle stage 130 through 2d+d₁ links (for example in FIG. 2E, input switch IS1 is connected to middle switches MS(1,1), MS(1,2), MS(1,3), MS(1,4), MS(1,5), MS(1,6), MS(1,7), MS(1,8), MS(1,9), MS(1,10), MS(1,11) and MS(1,12) through the links ML(1,1), ML(1,2), ML(1,3), ML(1,4), ML(1,5), ML(1,6), ML(1,7), ML(1,8), ML(1,9), ML(1,10), ML(1,11), and ML(1,12) respectively).

Each of the

$3 \times \frac{N_{2}}{d}$ middle switches MS(1,1)-MS(1,12) in the middle stage 130 are connected from exactly

$\frac{{2d} + d_{1}}{3}$ input switches through

$\frac{{2d} + d_{1}}{3}$ links (for example in FIG. 2E, the links ML(1,1), ML(1,13), ML(1,25), and ML(1,37) are connected to the middle switch MS(1,1) from input switch IS1, IS2, IS3, and IS4 respectively) and also are connected to exactly d switches in middle stage 140 through d links (for example the links ML(2,1) and ML(2,2) are connected from middle switch MS(1,1) to middle switch MS(2,1) and MS(2,3) respectively).

Similarly each of the

$3 \times \frac{N_{2}}{d}$ middle switches MS(2,1)-MS(2,12) in the middle stage 140 are connected from exactly d switches in middle stage 130 through d links (for example the links ML(2,1) and ML(2,6) are connected to the middle switch MS(2,1) from middle switches MS(1,1) and MS(1,3) respectively) and also are connected to exactly d switches in middle stage 150 through d links (for example the links ML(3,1) and ML(3,2) are connected from middle switch MS(2,1) to middle switch MS(3,1) and MS(3,3) respectively).

Similarly each of the

$3 \times \frac{N_{2}}{d}$ middle switches MS(3,1)-MS(3,12) in the middle stage 150 are connected from exactly d switches in middle stage 140 through d links (for example the links ML(3,1) and ML(3,6) are connected to the middle switch MS(3,1) from middle switches MS(2,1) and MS(2,3) respectively) and also are connected to exactly d output switches in output stage 120 through d links (for example the links ML(4,1), ML(4,2), ML(4,3), and ML(4,4) are connected to output switches OS1, OS2, OS3, and OS4 respectively from middle switch MS(3,1)).

Each of the

$\frac{N_{2}}{d}$ output switches OS1-OS4 are connected from exactly 3d switches in middle stage 150 through 3d links (for example output switch OS1 is connected from middle switches MS(3,1), MS(3,2), MS(3,3), MS(3,4), MS(3,5), MS(3,6), MS(3,7), MS(3,8), MS(3,9), MS(3,10), MS(3,11), and MS(3,12) through the links ML(4,1), ML(4,5), ML(4,9), ML(4,13), ML(4,17), ML(4,21), ML(4,25), ML(4,29), ML(4,33), ML(4,37), ML(4,41), and ML(4,45) respectively).

Finally the connection topology of the network 200E shown in FIG. 2E is known to be back to back inverse Benes connection topology; the connection topology of the network 200E1 shown in FIG. 2E1 is known to be back to back Omega connection topology; and the connection topology of the network 200E2 shown in FIG. 2E2 is hereinafter called nearest neighbor connection topology.

In the three embodiments of FIG. 2E, FIG. 2E1 and FIG. 2E2 the connection topology is different. That is the way the links ML(1,1)-ML(1,48), ML(2,1)-ML(2,24), ML(3,1)-ML(3,24), and ML(4,1)-ML(4,24) are connected between the respective stages is different. Even though only three embodiments are illustrated, in general, the network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) can comprise any arbitrary type of connection topology. For example the connection topology of the network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) may be back to back Benes networks, Delta Networks and many more combinations. The applicant notes that the fundamental property of a valid connection topology of the V(N₁,N₂,d,s) network is, when no connections are setup in the network, a connection from any inlet link to any outlet link can be setup. Based on this property numerous embodiments of the network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) can be built. The embodiments of FIG. 2E, FIG. 2E1, and FIG. 2E2 are only three examples of network V(N₁,N₂,d,s).

In the three embodiments of FIG. 2E, FIG. 2E1 and FIG. 2E2, each of the links ML(1,1)-ML(1,48), ML(2,1)-ML(2,24), ML(3,1)-ML(3,24) and ML(4,1)-ML(4,24) are either available for use by a new connection or not available if currently used by an existing connection. The input switches IS1-IS4 are also referred to as the network input ports. The input stage 110 is often referred to as the first stage. The output switches OS1-OS4 are also referred to as the network output ports. The output stage 120 is often referred to as the last stage. The middle stage switches MS(1,1)-MS(1,12), MS(2,1)-MS(2,12), and MS(3,1)-MS(3,12) are referred to as middle switches or middle ports.

In the example illustrated in FIG. 2E, FIG. 2E1, and 2E2, a fan-out of four is possible to satisfy a multicast connection request if input switch is IS2, but only two middle switches in middle stage 130 will be used. Similarly, although a fan-out of three is possible for a multicast connection request if the input switch is IS1, again only a fan-out of two is used. The specific middle switches that are chosen in middle stage 130 when selecting a fan-out of two is irrelevant so long as at most two middle switches are selected to ensure that the connection request is satisfied. In essence, limiting the fan-out from input switch to no more than two middle switches permits the network 200E (or 200E1, or 200E2), to be operated in rearrangeably nonblocking manner in accordance with the invention.

The connection request of the type described above can be unicast connection request, a multicast connection request or a broadcast connection request, depending on the example. In case of a unicast connection request, a fan-out of one is used, i.e. a single middle stage switch in middle stage 130 is used to satisfy the request. Moreover, although in the above-described embodiment a limit of two has been placed on the fan-out into the middle stage switches in middle stage 130, the limit can be greater depending on the number of middle stage switches in a network (while maintaining the strictly nonblocking nature of operation of the network for multicast connections). However any arbitrary fan-out may be used within any of the middle stage switches and the output stage switches to satisfy the connection request.

Generalized Asymmetric SNB (N₂>N₁) Embodiments:

Network 200F of FIG. 2F1 is an example of general symmetrical multi-stage network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) with (2×log_(d) N)−1 stages where N₁>N₂ and N₁=p*N₂ where p>1. In network 200F of FIG. 2F, N₂=N and N₁=p*N. Network 200F of FIG. 2F1 contains three different copies of the network 200F2 in FIG. 2F2. The general asymmetrical multi-stage network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) can be operated in strictly nonblocking manner for multicast when s=3 according to the current invention (and in the example of FIG. 2F1, s=3). The general asymmetrical multi-stage network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) with (2×log_(d) N)−1 stages has d₁ (where

$d_{1} = {{N_{1} \times \frac{d}{N_{2}}} = {p \times d}}$ inlet links for each of

$\frac{N_{2}}{d}$ input switches IS1-IS(N₂/d) (for example the links IL1-IL(p*d) to the input switch IS1) and 2d+d₁ (=2d+p×d) outgoing links for each of

$\frac{N_{2}}{d}$ input switches IS1-IS(N₂/d) (for example the links ML(1,1)-ML(1,(d+p*d)) to the input switch IS1). There are d outlet links for each of

$\frac{N_{2}}{d}$ output switches OS1-OS(N₂/d) (for example the links OL1-OL(d) to the output switch OS1) and 3×d incoming links for each of

$\frac{N_{2}}{d}$ output switches OS1-OS(N₂/d) (for example ML(2×Log_(d) N₂−2,1)-ML(2×Log_(d) N₂−2,3×d) to the output switch OS1).

Each of the

$\frac{N_{2}}{d}$ input switches IS1-IS(N₂/d) are connected to exactly 2d+d₁ switches in middle stage 130 through 2d+d₁ links.

Each of the

$3 \times \frac{N_{2}}{d}$ middle switches MS(1,1)-MS(1,3 N₂/d) in the middle stage 130 are connected from exactly d input switches through d links and also are connected to exactly d switches in middle stage 140 through d links.

Similarly each of the

$3 \times \frac{N_{2}}{d}$ middle switches

${{MS}\left( {{{{Log}_{d}N_{2}} - 1},1} \right)} - {{MS}\left( {{{{Log}_{d}N_{2}} - 1},{3 \times \frac{N_{2}}{d}}} \right)}$ in the middle stage 130+10*(Log_(d) N₂−2) are connected from exactly d switches in middle stage 130+10*(Log_(d) N₂−3) through d links and also are connected to exactly d switches in middle stage 130+10*(Log_(d) N₂−1) through d links.

Similarly each of the

$3 \times \frac{N_{2}}{d}$ middle switches

${{MS}\left( {{{2 \times {Log}_{d}N_{2}} - 3},1} \right)} - {{MS}\left( {{{2 \times {Log}_{d}N_{2}} - 3},{3 \times \frac{N_{2}}{d}}} \right)}$ in the middle stage 130+10*(2*Log_(d) N₂−4) are connected from exactly d switches in middle stage 130+10*(2*Log_(d) N₂−5) through d links and also are connected to exactly d output switches in output stage 120 through d links.

Each of the

$\frac{N_{2}}{d}$ output switches OS1-OS(N₂/d) are connected from exactly 3×d switches in middle stage 130+10*(2*Log_(d) N₂−4) through 3×d links.

The general symmetrical multi-stage network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) can be operated in rearrangeably nonblocking manner for multicast when s=3 according to the current invention.

For example, the network of FIG. 2E shows an exemplary five-stage network, namely V(8,2,3), with the following multicast assignment I₁={1,3} and all other I_(j)=φ for j=[2-8]. It should be noted that the connection I₁ fans out in the first stage switch IS1 into middle switches MS(1,2) and MS(1,5) in middle stage 130, and fans out in middle switches MS(1,2) and MS(1,5) only once into middle switches MS(2,4) and MS(2,5) respectively in middle stage 140.

The connection I₁ also fans out in middle switches MS(2,4) and MS(2,5) only once into middle switches MS(3,2) and MS(3,7) respectively in middle stage 150. The connection I₁ also fans out in middle switches MS(3,2) and MS(3,7) only once into output switches OS1 and OS3 in output stage 120. Finally the connection I₁ fans out once in the output stage switch OS1 into outlet link OL1 and in the output stage switch OS3 twice into the outlet links OL5 and OL6. In accordance with the invention, each connection can fan out in the input stage switch into at most two middle switches in middle stage 130.

Applications Embodiments:

All the embodiments disclosed in the current invention are useful in many varieties of applications. FIG. 4A1 illustrates the diagram of 400A1 which is a typical two by two switch with two inlet links namely IL1 and IL2, and two outlet links namely OL1 and OL2. The two by two switch also implements four crosspoints namely CP(1,1), CP(1,2), CP(2,1) and CP(2,2) as illustrated in FIG. 4A1. For example the diagram of 400A1 may the implementation of middle switch MS(1,1) of the diagram 100A of FIG. 1A where inlet link IL1 of diagram 400A1 corresponds to middle link ML(1,1) of diagram 100A, inlet link IL2 of diagram 400A1 corresponds to middle link ML(1,5) of diagram 100A, outlet link OL1 of diagram 400A1 corresponds to middle link ML(2,1) of diagram 100A, outlet link OL2 of diagram 400A1 corresponds to middle link ML(2,2) of diagram 100A.

1) Programmable Integrated Circuit Embodiments:

All the embodiments disclosed in the current invention are useful in programmable integrated circuit applications. FIG. 4A2 illustrates the detailed diagram 400A2 for the implementation of the diagram 400A1 in programmable integrated circuit embodiments. Each crosspoint is implemented by a transistor coupled between the corresponding inlet link and outlet link, and a programmable cell in programmable integrated circuit embodiments. Specifically crosspoint CP(1,1) is implemented by transistor C(1,1) coupled between inlet link IL1 and outlet link OL1, and programmable cell P(1,1); crosspoint CP(1,2) is implemented by transistor C(1,2) coupled between inlet link IL1 and outlet link OL2, and programmable cell P(1,2); crosspoint CP(2,1) is implemented by transistor C(2,1) coupled between inlet link IL2 and outlet link OL1, and programmable cell P(2,1); and crosspoint CP(2,2) is implemented by transistor C(2,2) coupled between inlet link IL2 and outlet link OL2, and programmable cell P(2,2).

If the programmable cell is programmed ON, the corresponding transistor couples the corresponding inlet link and outlet link If the programmable cell is programmed OFF, the corresponding inlet link and outlet link are not connected. For example if the programmable cell P(1,1) is programmed ON, the corresponding transistor C(1,1) couples the corresponding inlet link IL1 and outlet link OL1. If the programmable cell P(1,1) is programmed OFF, the corresponding inlet link IL1 and outlet link OL1 are not connected. In volatile programmable integrated circuit embodiments the programmable cell may be an SRAM (Static Random Address Memory) cell. In non-volatile programmable integrated circuit embodiments the programmable cell may be a Flash memory cell. Also the programmable integrated circuit embodiments may implement field programmable logic arrays (FPGA) devices, or programmable Logic devices (PLD), or Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC) embedded with programmable logic circuits or 3D-FPGAs.

2) One-time Programmable Integrated Circuit Embodiments:

All the embodiments disclosed in the current invention are useful in one-time programmable integrated circuit applications. FIG. 4A3 illustrates the detailed diagram 400A3 for the implementation of the diagram 400A1 in one-time programmable integrated circuit embodiments. Each crosspoint is implemented by a via coupled between the corresponding inlet link and outlet link in one-time programmable integrated circuit embodiments. Specifically crosspoint CP(1,1) is implemented by via V(1,1) coupled between inlet link IL1 and outlet link OL1; crosspoint CP(1,2) is implemented by via V(1,2) coupled between inlet link IL1 and outlet link OL2; crosspoint CP(2,1) is implemented by via V(2,1) coupled between inlet link IL2 and outlet link OL1; and crosspoint CP(2,2) is implemented by via V(2,2) coupled between inlet link IL2 and outlet link OL2.

If the via is programmed ON, the corresponding inlet link and outlet link are permanently connected which is denoted by thick circle at the intersection of inlet link and outlet link If the via is programmed OFF, the corresponding inlet link and outlet link are not connected which is denoted by the absence of thick circle at the intersection of inlet link and outlet link For example in the diagram 400A3 the via V(1,1) is programmed ON, and the corresponding inlet link IL1 and outlet link OL1 are connected as denoted by thick circle at the intersection of inlet link IL1 and outlet link OL1; the via V(2,2) is programmed ON, and the corresponding inlet link IL2 and outlet link OL2 are connected as denoted by thick circle at the intersection of inlet link IL2 and outlet link OL2; the via V(1,2) is programmed OFF, and the corresponding inlet link IL1 and outlet link OL2 are not connected as denoted by the absence of thick circle at the intersection of inlet link IL1 and outlet link OL2; the via V(2,1) is programmed OFF, and the corresponding inlet link IL2 and outlet link OL1 are not connected as denoted by the absence of thick circle at the intersection of inlet link IL2 and outlet link OL1. One-time programmable integrated circuit embodiments may be anti-fuse based programmable integrated circuit devices or mask programmable structured ASIC devices.

3) Integrated Circuit Placement and Route Embodiments:

All the embodiments disclosed in the current invention are useful in Integrated Circuit Placement and Route applications, for example in ASIC backend Placement and Route tools. FIG. 4A4 illustrates the detailed diagram 400A4 for the implementation of the diagram 400A1 in Integrated Circuit Placement and Route embodiments. In an integrated circuit since the connections are known a-priori, the switch and crosspoints are actually virtual. However the concept of virtual switch and virtual crosspoint using the embodiments disclosed in the current invention reduces the number of required wires, wire length needed to connect the inputs and outputs of different netlists and the time required by the tool for placement and route of netlists in the integrated circuit.

Each virtual crosspoint is used to either to hardwire or provide no connectivity between the corresponding inlet link and outlet link Specifically crosspoint CP(1,1) is implemented by direct connect point DCP(1,1) to hardwire (i.e., to permanently connect) inlet link IL1 and outlet link OL1 which is denoted by the thick circle at the intersection of inlet link IL1 and outlet link OL1; crosspoint CP(2,2) is implemented by direct connect point DCP(2,2) to hardwire inlet link IL2 and outlet link OL2 which is denoted by the thick circle at the intersection of inlet link IL2 and outlet link OL2. The diagram 400A4 does not show direct connect point DCP(1,2) and direct connect point DCP(1,3) since they are not needed and in the hardware implementation they are eliminated. Alternatively inlet link IL1 needs to be connected to outlet link OL1 and inlet link IL1 does not need to be connected to outlet link OL2. Also inlet link IL2 needs to be connected to outlet link OL2 and inlet link IL2 does not need to be connected to outlet link OL1. Furthermore in the example of the diagram 400A4, there is no need to drive the signal of inlet link IL1 horizontally beyond outlet link OL1 and hence the inlet link IL1 is not even extended horizontally until the outlet link OL2. Also the absence of direct connect point DCP(2,1) illustrates there is no need to connect inlet link IL2 and outlet link OL1.

In summary in integrated circuit placement and route tools, the concept of virtual switches and virtual cross points is used during the implementation of the placement & routing algorithmically in software, however during the hardware implementation cross points in the cross state are implemented as hardwired connections between the corresponding inlet link and outlet link, and in the bar state are implemented as no connection between inlet link and outlet link.

3) More Application Embodiments:

All the embodiments disclosed in the current invention are also useful in the design of SoC interconnects, Field programmable interconnect chips, parallel computer systems and in time-space-time switches.

Scheduling Method Embodiments:

FIG. 3A shows a high-level flowchart of a scheduling method 1000, in one embodiment executed to setup multicast and unicast connections in network 100A of FIG. 1A (or any of the networks V(N₁,N₂,d,s) disclosed in this invention). According to this embodiment, a multicast connection request is received in act 1010. Then the control goes to act 1020.

In act 1020, based on the inlet link and input switch of the multicast connection received in act 1010, from each available outgoing middle link of the input switch of the multicast connection, by traveling forward from middle stage 130 to middle stage 130+10*(Log_(d) N−2), the lists of all reachable middle switches in each middle stage are derived recursively. That is, first, by following each available outgoing middle link of the input switch all the reachable middle switches in middle stage 130 are derived. Next, starting from the selected middle switches in middle stage 130 traveling through all of their available out going middle links to middle stage 140 all the available middle switches in middle stage 140 are derived. This process is repeated recursively until all the reachable middle switches, starting from the outgoing middle link of input switch, in middle stage 130+10*(Log_(d) N−2) are derived. This process is repeated for each available outgoing middle link from the input switch of the multicast connection and separate reachable lists are derived in each middle stage from middle stage 130 to middle stage 130+10*(Log_(d) N−2) for all the available outgoing middle links from the input switch. Then the control goes to act 1030.

In act 1030, based on the destinations of the multicast connection received in act 1010, from the output switch of each destination, by traveling backward from output stage 120 to middle stage 130+10*(Log_(d) N−2), the lists of all middle switches in each middle stage from which each destination output switch (and hence the destination outlet links) is reachable, are derived recursively. That is, first, by following each available incoming middle link of the output switch of each destination link of the multicast connection, all the middle switches in middle stage 130+10*(2*Log_(d) N−4) from which the output switch is reachable, are derived. Next, starting from the selected middle switches in middle stage 130+10*(2*Log_(d) N−4) traveling backward through all of their available incoming middle links from middle stage 130+10*(2*Log_(d) N−5) all the available middle switches in middle stage 130+10*(2*Log_(d) N−5) from which the output switch is reachable, are derived. This process is repeated recursively until all the middle switches in middle stage 130+10*(Log_(d) N−2) from which the output switch is reachable, are derived. This process is repeated for each output switch of each destination link of the multicast connection and separate lists in each middle stage from middle stage 130+10*(2*Log_(d) N−4) to middle stage 130+10*(Log_(d) N−2) for all the output switches of each destination link of the connection are derived. Then the control goes to act 1040.

In act 1040, using the lists generated in acts 1020 and 1030, particularly list of middle switches derived in middle stage 130+10*(Log_(d) N−2) corresponding to each outgoing link of the input switch of the multicast connection, and the list of middle switches derived in middle stage 130+10*(Log_(d) N−2) corresponding to each output switch of the destination links, the list of all the reachable destination links from each outgoing link of the input switch are derived. Specifically if a middle switch in middle stage 130+10*(Log_(d) N−2) is reachable from an outgoing link of the input switch, say “x”, and also from the same middle switch in middle stage 130+10*(Log_(d) N−2) if the output switch of a destination link, say “y”, is reachable then using the outgoing link of the input switch x, destination link y is reachable. Accordingly, the list of all the reachable destination links from each outgoing link of the input switch is derived. The control then goes to act 1050.

In act 1050, among all the outgoing links of the input switch, it is checked if all the destinations are reachable using only one outgoing link of the input switch. If one outgoing link is available through which all the destinations of the multicast connection are reachable (i.e., act 1050 results in “yes”), the control goes to act 1070. And in act 1070, the multicast connection is setup by traversing from the selected only one outgoing middle link of the input switch in act 1050, to all the destinations. Then the control transfers to act 1090.

If act 1050 results “no”, that is one outgoing link is not available through which all the destinations of the multicast connection are reachable, then the control goes to act 1060. In act 1060, it is checked if all destination links of the multicast connection are reachable using two outgoing middle links from the input switch. According to the current invention, it is always possible to find at most two outgoing middle links from the input switch through which all the destinations of a multicast connection are reachable. So act 1060 always results in “yes”, and then the control transfers to act 1080. In act 1080, the multicast connection is setup by traversing from the selected only two outgoing middle links of the input switch in act 1060, to all the destinations. Then the control transfers to act 1090.

In act 1090, all the middle links between any two stages of the network used to setup the connection in either act 1070 or act 1080 are marked unavailable so that these middle links will be made unavailable to other multicast connections. The control then returns to act 1010, so that acts 1010, 1020, 1030, 1040, 1050, 1060, 1070, 1080, and 1090 are executed in a loop, for each connection request until the connections are set up.

In the example illustrated in FIG. 1A, four outgoing middle links are available to satisfy a multicast connection request if input switch is IS2, but only at most two outgoing middle links of the input switch will be used in accordance with this method. Similarly, although three outgoing middle links is available for a multicast connection request if the input switch is IS1, again only at most two outgoing middle links is used. The specific outgoing middle links of the input switch that are chosen when selecting two outgoing middle links of the input switch is irrelevant to the method of FIG. 3A so long as at most two outgoing middle links of the input switch are selected to ensure that the connection request is satisfied, i.e. the destination switches identified by the connection request can be reached from the outgoing middle links of the input switch that are selected. In essence, limiting the outgoing middle links of the input switch to no more than two permits the network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) to be operated in nonblocking manner in accordance with the invention.

According to the current invention, using the method 1000 of FIG. 3A, the network V(N₁,N₂,d,s) is operated in rearrangeably nonblocking for unicast connections when s≧1, is operated in strictly nonblocking for unicast connections when s≧2, is operated in rearrangeably nonblocking for multicast connections when s≧2, and is operated in strictly nonblocking for multicast connections when s≧3.

The connection request of the type described above in reference to method 1000 of FIG. 3A can be unicast connection request, a multicast connection request or a broadcast connection request, depending on the example. In case of a unicast connection request, only one outgoing middle link of the input switch is used to satisfy the request. Moreover, in method 1000 described above in reference to FIG. 3A any number of middle links may be used between any two stages excepting between the input stage and middle stage 130, and also any arbitrary fan-out may be used within each output stage switch, to satisfy the connection request.

As noted above method 1000 of FIG. 3A can be used to setup multicast connections, unicast connections, or broadcast connection of all the networks V(N,d,s) and V(N₁,N₂,d,s) disclosed in this invention.

Numerous modifications and adaptations of the embodiments, implementations, and examples described herein will be apparent to the skilled artisan in view of the disclosure 

1. A network having a plurality of multicast connections, said network comprising: N₁ inlet links and N₂ outlet links, where N₁>1, N₂>1 and when N₂>N₁ and N₂=p*N₁ where p>1 then N₁=N, d₁=d, and ${d_{2} = {{N_{2} \times \frac{d}{N_{1}}} = {p \times d}}};$  where N>1, d₁>1, d₂>1, d>1 and an input stage comprising $\frac{N_{1}}{d}$  input switches, and said each input switch comprising d inlet links and each said input switch further comprising x×d outgoing links connecting to switches in a second stage where x>0; and an output stage comprising $\frac{N_{1}}{d}$  output switches, and said each output switch comprising d₂ outlet links and each said output switch further comprising $x \times \frac{\left( {d + d_{2}} \right)}{2}$  incoming links connecting from switches in a penultimate stage; and a plurality of y middle stages comprising $x \times \frac{N}{d}$  middle switches in each of said y middle stages wherein said second stage and said penultimate stage are one of said middle stages where y>3, and said each middle switch in all said middle stages excepting said penultimate stage comprising d incoming links (hereinafter “incoming middle links”) connecting from switches in its immediate preceding stage, and each middle switch further comprising d outgoing links (hereinafter “outgoing middle links”) connecting to switches in its immediate succeeding stage; and said each middle switch in said penultimate stage comprising d incoming links (hereinafter “incoming middle links”) connecting from switches in its immediate preceding stage, and each middle switch in said penultimate stage further comprising $\frac{\left( {d + d_{2}} \right)}{2}$  outgoing links (hereinafter “outgoing middle links”) connecting to switches in its immediate succeeding stage; or when N₁>N₂ and N₁=p*N₂ where p>1 then N₂=N, d₂=d and $d_{1} = {{N_{1} \times \frac{d}{N_{2}}} = {p \times d}}$  and an input stage comprising $\frac{N_{2}}{d}$  input switches, and said each input switch comprising d₁ inlet links and said each input switch further comprising $x \times \frac{\left( {d + d_{1}} \right)}{2}$  outgoing links connecting to switches in a second stage where x>0; and an output stage comprising $\frac{N_{2}}{d}$  output switches, and said each output switch comprising d outlet links and said each output switch further comprising x×d incoming links connecting from switches in the penultimate stage; and a plurality of y middle stages comprising $x \times \frac{N}{d}$  middle switches in each of said y middle stages wherein said second stage and said penultimate stage are one of said middle stages where y>3, and said each middle switch in said second stage comprising $\frac{\left( {d + d_{1}} \right)}{2}$  incoming links (hereinafter “incoming middle links”) connecting from switches in its immediate preceding stage, and said each middle switch further comprising d outgoing links (hereinafter “outgoing middle links”) connecting to switches in its immediate succeeding stage; and said each middle switch in all said middle stages excepting said second stage comprising d incoming links (hereinafter “incoming middle links”) connecting from switches in its immediate preceding stage, and said each middle switch further comprising d outgoing links (hereinafter “outgoing middle links”) connecting to switches in its immediate succeeding stage; and wherein said each multicast connection from an inlet link passes through at most two outgoing links in input switch, and said multicast connection further passes through a plurality of outgoing links in a plurality switches in each said middle stage and in said output stage.
 2. The network of claim 1, wherein all said incoming middle links and outgoing middle links are connected in any arbitrary topology such that when no connections are setup in said network, a connection from any said inlet link to any said outlet link can be setup.
 3. The network of claim 2, wherein y≧(2×log_(d) N₁)−3 when N₂>N₁, and y≧(2×log_(d) N₂)−3 when N₁>N₂.
 4. The network of claim 3, wherein x≧1, wherein said each multicast connection comprises only one destination link, and said each multicast connection from an inlet link passes through only one outgoing link in input switch, and said multicast connection further passes through only one outgoing link in one of the switches in each said middle stage and in said output stage, and further is always capable of setting up said multicast connection by changing the path, defined by passage of an existing multicast connection, thereby to change only one outgoing link of the input switch used by said existing multicast connection, and said network is hereinafter “rearrangeably nonblocking network for unicast”.
 5. The network of claim 3, wherein x≧2, wherein said each multicast connection comprises only one destination link, and said each multicast connection from an inlet link passes through only one outgoing link in input switch, and said multicast connection further passes through only one outgoing link in one of the switches in each said middle stage and in said output stage, and further is always capable of setting up said multicast connection by never changing path of an existing multicast connection, wherein said each multicast connection comprises only one destination link and the network is hereinafter “strictly nonblocking network for unicast”.
 6. The network of claim 3, wherein x≧2, further is always capable of setting up said multicast connection by changing the path, defined by passage of an existing multicast connection, thereby to change one or two outgoing links of the input switch used by said existing multicast connection, and said network is hereinafter “rearrangeably nonblocking network”.
 7. The network of claim 3, wherein x≧3, further is always capable of setting up said multicast connection by never changing path of an existing multicast connection, and the network is hereinafter “strictly nonblocking network”.
 8. The network of claim 1, further comprising a controller coupled to each of said input, output and middle stages to set up said multicast connection.
 9. The network of claim 1, wherein said N₁ inlet links and N₂ outlet links are the same number of links, i.e., N₁=N₂=N , and d₁=d₂=d.
 10. The network of claim 1, wherein each of said input switches, or each of said output switches, or each of said middle switches further recursively comprise one or more networks.
 11. A method for setting up one or more multicast connections in a network having N₁ inlet links and N₂ outlet links, where N₁>1, N₂>1 and when N₂>N₁ and N₂=p*N₁ where p>1 then N₁=N, d₁=d, and ${d_{2} = {{N_{2} \times \frac{d}{N_{1}}} = {p \times d}}};$  where N>1, d₁>1, d₂>1, d>1 and having an input stage having $\frac{N_{1}}{d}$  input switches, and said each input switch having d inlet links and said each input switch further having x×d outgoing links connected to switches in a second stage where x>0; and an output stage having $\frac{N_{1}}{d}$  output switches, and said each output switch having d₂ outlet links and said each output switch further having $x \times \frac{\left( {d + d_{2}} \right)}{2}$  incoming links connected from switches in a penultimate stage; and a plurality of y middle stages having $x \times \frac{N}{d}$  middle switches in each of said y middle stages wherein said second stage and said penultimate stage being one of said middle stages where y>3, and said each middle switch in all said middle stages excepting said penultimate stage having d incoming links connected from switches in its immediate preceding stage, and said each middle switch further having d outgoing links connected to switches in its immediate succeeding stage; and said each middle switch in said penultimate stage having d incoming links connected from switches in its immediate preceding stage, and said each middle switch further having $\frac{\left( {d + d_{2}} \right)}{2}$  outgoing links connected to switches in its immediate succeeding stage; or when N₁>N₂ and N₁=p*N₂ where p>1 then N₂=N, d₂=d and ${d_{1} = {{N_{1} \times \frac{d}{N_{2}}} = {p \times d}}};$  and having an input stage having $\frac{N_{2}}{d}$  input switches, and said each input switch having d₁ inlet links and said each input switch further having $x \times \frac{\left( {d + d_{1}} \right)}{2}$  outgoing links connected to switches in a second stage where x>0; and an output stage having $\frac{N_{2}}{d}$  output switches, and said each output switch having d outlet links and said each output switch further having x×d incoming links connected from switches in the penultimate stage; and a plurality of y middle stages having $x \times \frac{N}{d}$  middle switches in each of said y middle stages wherein said second stage and said penultimate stage being one of said middle stages where y>3, and said each middle switch in said second stage having $\frac{\left( {d + d_{1}} \right)}{2}$  incoming links connected from switches in its immediate preceding stage, and said each middle switch further having d outgoing links connected to switches in its immediate succeeding stage; and said each middle switch in all said middle stages excepting said second stage having d incoming links connected from switches in its immediate preceding stage, and said each middle switch further having d outgoing links connected to switches in its immediate succeeding stage; and said method comprising: receiving a multicast connection at said input stage; fanning out said multicast connection through at most two outgoing links in input switch and a plurality of outgoing links in a plurality of middle switches in each said middle stage to set up said multicast connection to a plurality of output switches among said $\frac{N_{2}}{d}$  output switches, wherein said plurality of output switches are specified as destinations of said multicast connection, wherein said at most two outgoing links in input switch and said plurality of outgoing links in said plurality of middle switches in each said middle stage are available.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein said act of fanning out is performed without changing any existing connection to pass through another set of plurality of middle switches in each said middle stage.
 13. The method of claim 11, wherein said act of fanning out is performed recursively.
 14. The method of claim 11, wherein a connection exists through said network and passes through a plurality of middle switches in each said middle stage and said method further comprises: if necessary, changing said connection to pass through another set of plurality of middle switches in each said middle stage, act hereinafter “rearranging connection”.
 15. The method of claim 11, wherein said acts of fanning out and rearranging are performed recursively.
 16. A method for setting up one or more multicast connections in a network having N₁ inlet links and N₂ outlet links, where N₁>1, N₂>1 and when N₂>N₁ and N₂=p*N₁ where p>1 then N₁=N, d₁=d, and ${d_{2} = {{N_{2} \times \frac{d}{N_{1}\;}} = {p \times d}}};$  where N>1, d₁>1, d₂>1, d>1 and having an input stage having $\frac{N_{1}}{d}$  input switches, and said each input switch having d inlet links and said each input switch further having x×d outgoing links connected to switches in a second stage where x>0; and an output stage having $\frac{N_{1}}{d}$  output switches, and said each output switch having d₂ outlet links and said each output switch further having $x \times \frac{\left( {d + d_{2}} \right)}{2}$  incoming links connected from switches in a penultimate stage; and a plurality of y middle stages having $x \times \frac{N}{d}$  middle switches in each of said y middle stages wherein said second stage and said penultimate stage being one of said middle stages where y>3, and said each middle switch in all said middle stages excepting said penultimate stage having d incoming links connected from switches in its immediate preceding stage, and said each middle switch further having d outgoing links connected to switches in its immediate succeeding stage; and said each middle switch in said penultimate stage having d incoming links connected from switches in its immediate preceding stage, and said each middle switch further having $\frac{\left( {d + d_{2}} \right)}{2}$  outgoing links connected to switches in its immediate succeeding stage; or when N₁>N₂ and N₁=p*N₂ where p>1 then N₂=N, d₂=d and ${d_{1} = {{N_{1} \times \frac{d}{N_{2}\;}} = {p \times d}}};$  and having an input stage having $\frac{N_{2}}{d}$  input switches, and said each input switch having d₁ inlet links and said each input switch further having $x \times \frac{\left( {d + d_{1}} \right)}{2}$  outgoing links connected to switches in a second stage where x>0; and an output stage having $\frac{N_{2}}{d}$  output switches, and said each output switch having d outlet links and said each output switch further having x×d incoming links connected from switches in the penultimate stage; and a plurality of y middle stages having $x \times \frac{N}{d}$  middle switches in each of said y middle stages wherein said second stage and said penultimate stage being one of said middle stages where y>3, and said each middle switch in said second stage having $\frac{\left( {d + d_{1}} \right)}{2}$  incoming links connected from switches in its immediate preceding stage, and said each middle switch further having d outgoing links connected to switches in its immediate succeeding stage; and said each middle switch in all said middle stages excepting said second stage having d incoming links connected from switches in its immediate preceding stage, and said each middle switch further having d outgoing links connected to switches in its immediate succeeding stage; and said method comprising: checking if a first outgoing link in input switch and a first plurality of outgoing links in plurality of middle switches in each said middle stage are available to at least a first subset of destination output switches of said multicast connection; and checking if a second outgoing link in input switch and second plurality of outgoing links in plurality of middle switches in each said middle stage are available to a second subset of destination output switches of said multicast connection, wherein each destination output switch of said multicast connection is one of said first subset of destination output switches and said second subset of destination output switches.
 17. The method of claim 16 further comprising: prior to said checkings, checking if all the destination output switches of said multicast connection are available through said first outgoing link in input switch and said first plurality of outgoing links in plurality of middle switches in each said middle stage.
 18. The method of claim 16 further comprising: repeating said checkings of available second outgoing link in input switch and second plurality of outgoing links in plurality of middle switches in each said middle stage to a second subset of destination output switches of said multicast connection to each outgoing link in input switch other than said first and said second outgoing links in input switch, wherein each destination output switch of said multicast connection is one of said first subset of destination output switches and said second subset of destination output switches.
 19. The method of claim 16 further comprising: repeating said checkings of available first outgoing link in input switch and first plurality of outgoing links in plurality of middle switches in each said middle stage to a first subset of destination output switches of said multicast connection to each outgoing link in input switch other than said first outgoing link in input switch.
 20. The method of claim 16 further comprising: setting up each of said multicast connection from its said input switch to its said output switches through not more than two outgoing links, selected by said checkings, by fanning out said multicast connection in its said input switch into not more than said two outgoing links.
 21. The method of claim 16 wherein any of said acts of checking and setting up are performed recursively. 